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chapter 17: adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is the dual nature of the adaptive immunity system?

A

humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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2
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

has antibody-based immunity: antibodies produced by plasma cells (derived from activated B-lymphocytes) and requires antigen presentation by B-cell and help from a helper T-lymphocyte

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3
Q

what is cellular immunity?

A

it is primarily T-cell mediated (with help from antigen presenting cells) Absolutely critical for defense against virus infection and cancer cells as well as parasites and fungi

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4
Q

where does B-cell maturation and clonal deletion occur?

A

bone marrow of adults

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5
Q

where does T-cell maturation and clonal deletion occur?

A

in the thymus

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6
Q

What are the steps of humoral immunity?

A

1) a B-cell binds to the antigen for which it is specific, a T-dependent B cell requires cooperation with a t-helper cell
2) the b cell, often with stimulation by cytokines from a helper t cell, differentiates into a plasma cell. some b cells become memory cells
3) plasma cells proliferate and produce antibodies against the antigen

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7
Q

what are the steps of cellular immunity?

A

1) a t cell binds to the MHC-antigen complexes on the surface of the infected cell, activating the t cell (with its cytokine receptors)
2) activation of macrophage (enhanced phagocytic activity)
3) the CD8+ T cell becomes a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) able to induce apoptosis of the target cell

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8
Q

immunogen

A

a substance that elicits an immune response

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9
Q

antigen

A

a substance that reacts with elements of the immune system (antibodies or T cell receptors)

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10
Q

epitopes/antigenic determinants

A

the part of an antigen that reacts with an antibody or TcR

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11
Q

Hapten

A

a molecule that is too small or non-complex to elicit an antibody response unless it is combined with carrier molecules; have experimental significance but, as defined, are not part of the natural immune response

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12
Q

globular proteins are called

A

immunoglobulins

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13
Q

what are the 5 immunoglobulins?

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

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14
Q

the number of antigen-binding sites determines _____

A

valence, ex: 2 binding sites=bivalent

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15
Q

IgG is a ______

A

monomer

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16
Q

IgG makes up _____% of serum antibodies

A

80

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17
Q

IgG found in ______, _____, _____

A

blood, lymph, and intestine

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18
Q

IgG crosses the ____

A

placenta

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19
Q

IgG enhances _____ by….

A

phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn

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20
Q

half life of IgG

A

23 days

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21
Q

IgG fixes _____

A

complement

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22
Q

IgM is a _____

A

pentamer

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23
Q

IgM makes up ____% of serum of antibodies

A

5-10

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24
Q

IgM fixes ______

A

complement

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25
IgM is found in ____,____,_____
blood, lymph, and B cells
26
IgM _____ microbes
agglutinates
27
IgM is the _____ _____ produced in response to infection or immunogen
first antibody
28
half life of IgM
5 days
29
IgA is a _____
dimer
30
IgA makes up ____% of serum of antibodies
10-15
31
IgA is the ____ ____ antibody class in secretions
most abundant
32
IgA is for ____ ____
mucosal protection
33
half life of IgA
6 days
34
serum version of IgA lacks "_____ _____"
secretory component
35
IgD is a _____
monomer
36
IgD makes up ____% of serum antibodies
0.2
37
IgD is found in _____, _____, ____
blood, lymph, and on B cells
38
half life of IgD
3 days
39
IgE is a _____
monomer
40
IgE makes up ____% of serum antibodies
0.002
41
IgE is found ______, _____, ______, _____
on Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils, and in blood
42
IgE is used in...
allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms
43
half life of IgE
2 days
44
antigen-antibody binding is ....
high affinity (strong)
45
antigen-antibody binding has.....
very high specificity (reacts only with cognate antigen)
46
consequences of antibody-antigen binding
agglutination, opsonization, activation of complement, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, neutralization
47
agglutination
reduces the number of infectious units to deal with
48
opsonization
phagocytes possess antibody Fc receptors on their surfaces that mediate cooperative binding of antibody-bound bacteria/viruses....the binding facilitates phagocytosis
49
complement fixation
C1 binding to Fc portion of IgG activates complement leading to MAC formation and bacterial cell destruction (lysis); causes inflammation and cell destruction
50
antibody-dependent cell-mediated immunity
antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells
51
neutralization
blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa, blocks attachment of toxin
52
____ _____ is repsonsible for the diversity of the immune system
somatic recombination
53
it is estimated that humans can make ____ different antibody molecules
10^12
54
_____ is expressed on all mammalian cells to express "self"
MHC= major histocompatibility complex
55
MHC class I is present on all
nucleated cells
56
MHC class II is present on all
antigen presenting cells (APCs)
57
T-dependent antigens:
antigen presenting cells present antigen, via the MHC to the T helper cell, helper cell produces cytokines that activate B cell
58
T-independent antigens:
stimulates the B cell to make antibodies in absence of T helper cells costimulation
59
MHC Class I molecules
found on surface of all nucleated cells in the body, displays peptide fragment of non-self proteins, arising from within the cell (viruses, intracellular bacteria, etc. and cancerous cells) to cytotoxic T cells to trigger a cell-mediated immune response
60
MHC Class II molecules
found only on APCs (macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells), displays antigens derived from extracellular proteins (antigens as first ingested, digested and a resulting peptide fragment is displayed), signals immune system to mount an immune response (humoral, if APC is B cell)
61
T cell receptors
a molecule found on the surface of all T lymphocytes, analogous to antibody molecule on surface of B cell
62
T cell receptors are designed to
recognize foreign antigen fragments bound to MHC molecules on antigen presenting cell (Class II MHC) or virus infected cells (Class I MHC) and trigger appropriate signal
63
recognition diversity in T cell receptors is generated in a way similar to
antibody diversity
64
B cells differentiate into
antibody-producing plasma cells and memory cells
65
clonal deletion
eliminates harmful B cells
66
____ _____ eliminates many immature T cells
thymic selection
67
T cells respond to antigen by
TCRs
68
T cells require
APCs
69
pathogens entering through the GI or respiratory tract pass through
M (microfold) cells over, peyer's patches, which contain antigen presenting cells
70
CD4+ is a
surface glycoprotein
71
TCRs recognize _____ and ____ on APCs
antigens MHC Class II
72
TLRs are a _____ ____ on ____ and _____ cells
costimulatory signal, APC and helper T cells
73
T helper cells produce ______ and differentiate into:
cytokines, Th1, Th2, Th17, memory cells
74
Th1 cells produce
IFN-gamma
75
IFN-gamma....
activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity, macrophages, and antibodies, especially those that activate complement and opsonization
76
Th2 cells produce
cytokines associated primarily with production of antibodies, activate eosinophils and B cells to produce IgE
77
Th17 cells produce
(present in skin and intestinal lining) stimulate the innate immune system by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines
78
Tfh cells
(follicular helper) stimulate B cells to produce plasma cells and are also involved in antibody class switching
79
cytotoxic T cells are
CD8+ or Tc cells
80
target cells are
self-cells carrying endogenous antigens
81
Tc cells are activated into
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) which recognize antigen+MHC class I, and induce apoptosis in target cell
82
CTLs release
perforin and granzymes
83
T regulatory cells
CD4 and CD2s on surface, suppress T cells against self
84
APCs
Bear MHC Class II molecules on their surface, bind and ingest foreign antigen, then digest antigen and export to cell surface bound to MHC Class II molecule, antigen fragments presented on surface as part of MHC Class II molecule
85
3 types of Treg cells
B cells, Dendritic cells, activated macrophages
86
Natural Killer cells (NK) are
granular leukocytes that destroy cells that don't express MHC I, kill virus-infected and tumor cells, and attack parasites
87
ADCC
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
88
cytokines
chemical messengers of immune system
89
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
stimulates Th cells in presence of antigens, attracts phagocytes
90
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
proliferation of antigen-stimulated CD4+ T-helper cells (auto-induction_; proliferation and differentiation of B-cells, activation of CD8+ T cells and NK cells
91
Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
inhibits humoral immunity, activates Th1 cellular immunity
92
chemokines
induce migration of leukocytes
93
TNF-a
primarily produced by activated macrophages; produces inflammation; pyrogenic
94
hematopoietic cytokines
influence differentiation of blood stem cells
95
INF-a and IFN-B
response to viral infection; interfere with protein synthesis
96
IFN-gamma
stimulates macrophage activity
97
antibody titer
amount of antibody in serum
98
primary response occurs after
initial contact with antigen
99
secondary response occurs
after second exposure (aka memory or anamnastic)
100
serology
the study of reactions between antibodies and antigens
101
antiserum
the generic term for serum because it contains antibodies
102
globulins
serum proteins
103
immunoglobulins
antibodies
104
gamma globulin
serum fraction containing antibody
105
types of adaptive immunity
naturally acquired active/passive | artificially acquired active/passive
106
naturally acquired active immunity
resulting from an infection
107
naturally acquired passive immunity
transplacental or via colostrum
108
artificially acquired active immunity
injection of antigen (vaccination)
109
artificially acquired passive immunity
injection of antibody

microbiology (10 decks)

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