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microbiology > chapter 17: adaptive immunity > Flashcards

chapter 17: adaptive immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the dual nature of the adaptive immunity system?

A

humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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2
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

has antibody-based immunity: antibodies produced by plasma cells (derived from activated B-lymphocytes) and requires antigen presentation by B-cell and help from a helper T-lymphocyte

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3
Q

what is cellular immunity?

A

it is primarily T-cell mediated (with help from antigen presenting cells) Absolutely critical for defense against virus infection and cancer cells as well as parasites and fungi

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4
Q

where does B-cell maturation and clonal deletion occur?

A

bone marrow of adults

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5
Q

where does T-cell maturation and clonal deletion occur?

A

in the thymus

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6
Q

What are the steps of humoral immunity?

A

1) a B-cell binds to the antigen for which it is specific, a T-dependent B cell requires cooperation with a t-helper cell
2) the b cell, often with stimulation by cytokines from a helper t cell, differentiates into a plasma cell. some b cells become memory cells
3) plasma cells proliferate and produce antibodies against the antigen

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7
Q

what are the steps of cellular immunity?

A

1) a t cell binds to the MHC-antigen complexes on the surface of the infected cell, activating the t cell (with its cytokine receptors)
2) activation of macrophage (enhanced phagocytic activity)
3) the CD8+ T cell becomes a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) able to induce apoptosis of the target cell

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8
Q

immunogen

A

a substance that elicits an immune response

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9
Q

antigen

A

a substance that reacts with elements of the immune system (antibodies or T cell receptors)

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10
Q

epitopes/antigenic determinants

A

the part of an antigen that reacts with an antibody or TcR

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11
Q

Hapten

A

a molecule that is too small or non-complex to elicit an antibody response unless it is combined with carrier molecules; have experimental significance but, as defined, are not part of the natural immune response

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12
Q

globular proteins are called

A

immunoglobulins

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13
Q

what are the 5 immunoglobulins?

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

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14
Q

the number of antigen-binding sites determines _____

A

valence, ex: 2 binding sites=bivalent

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15
Q

IgG is a ______

A

monomer

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16
Q

IgG makes up _____% of serum antibodies

A

80

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17
Q

IgG found in ______, _____, _____

A

blood, lymph, and intestine

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18
Q

IgG crosses the ____

A

placenta

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19
Q

IgG enhances _____ by….

A

phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn

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20
Q

half life of IgG

A

23 days

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21
Q

IgG fixes _____

A

complement

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22
Q

IgM is a _____

A

pentamer

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23
Q

IgM makes up ____% of serum of antibodies

A

5-10

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24
Q

IgM fixes ______

A

complement

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25
Q

IgM is found in ____,____,_____

A

blood, lymph, and B cells

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26
Q

IgM _____ microbes

A

agglutinates

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27
Q

IgM is the _____ _____ produced in response to infection or immunogen

A

first antibody

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28
Q

half life of IgM

A

5 days

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29
Q

IgA is a _____

A

dimer

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30
Q

IgA makes up ____% of serum of antibodies

A

10-15

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31
Q

IgA is the ____ ____ antibody class in secretions

A

most abundant

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32
Q

IgA is for ____ ____

A

mucosal protection

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33
Q

half life of IgA

A

6 days

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34
Q

serum version of IgA lacks “_____ _____”

A

secretory component

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35
Q

IgD is a _____

A

monomer

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36
Q

IgD makes up ____% of serum antibodies

A

0.2

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37
Q

IgD is found in _____, _____, ____

A

blood, lymph, and on B cells

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38
Q

half life of IgD

A

3 days

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39
Q

IgE is a _____

A

monomer

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40
Q

IgE makes up ____% of serum antibodies

A

0.002

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41
Q

IgE is found ______, _____, ______, _____

A

on Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils, and in blood

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42
Q

IgE is used in…

A

allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms

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43
Q

half life of IgE

A

2 days

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44
Q

antigen-antibody binding is ….

A

high affinity (strong)

45
Q

antigen-antibody binding has…..

A

very high specificity (reacts only with cognate antigen)

46
Q

consequences of antibody-antigen binding

A

agglutination, opsonization, activation of complement, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, neutralization

47
Q

agglutination

A

reduces the number of infectious units to deal with

48
Q

opsonization

A

phagocytes possess antibody Fc receptors on their surfaces that mediate cooperative binding of antibody-bound bacteria/viruses….the binding facilitates phagocytosis

49
Q

complement fixation

A

C1 binding to Fc portion of IgG activates complement leading to MAC formation and bacterial cell destruction (lysis); causes inflammation and cell destruction

50
Q

antibody-dependent cell-mediated immunity

A

antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells

51
Q

neutralization

A

blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa, blocks attachment of toxin

52
Q

____ _____ is repsonsible for the diversity of the immune system

A

somatic recombination

53
Q

it is estimated that humans can make ____ different antibody molecules

A

10^12

54
Q

_____ is expressed on all mammalian cells to express “self”

A

MHC= major histocompatibility complex

55
Q

MHC class I is present on all

A

nucleated cells

56
Q

MHC class II is present on all

A

antigen presenting cells (APCs)

57
Q

T-dependent antigens:

A

antigen presenting cells present antigen, via the MHC to the T helper cell, helper cell produces cytokines that activate B cell

58
Q

T-independent antigens:

A

stimulates the B cell to make antibodies in absence of T helper cells costimulation

59
Q

MHC Class I molecules

A

found on surface of all nucleated cells in the body, displays peptide fragment of non-self proteins, arising from within the cell (viruses, intracellular bacteria, etc. and cancerous cells) to cytotoxic T cells to trigger a cell-mediated immune response

60
Q

MHC Class II molecules

A

found only on APCs (macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells), displays antigens derived from extracellular proteins (antigens as first ingested, digested and a resulting peptide fragment is displayed), signals immune system to mount an immune response (humoral, if APC is B cell)

61
Q

T cell receptors

A

a molecule found on the surface of all T lymphocytes, analogous to antibody molecule on surface of B cell

62
Q

T cell receptors are designed to

A

recognize foreign antigen fragments bound to MHC molecules on antigen presenting cell (Class II MHC) or virus infected cells (Class I MHC) and trigger appropriate signal

63
Q

recognition diversity in T cell receptors is generated in a way similar to

A

antibody diversity

64
Q

B cells differentiate into

A

antibody-producing plasma cells and memory cells

65
Q

clonal deletion

A

eliminates harmful B cells

66
Q

____ _____ eliminates many immature T cells

A

thymic selection

67
Q

T cells respond to antigen by

A

TCRs

68
Q

T cells require

A

APCs

69
Q

pathogens entering through the GI or respiratory tract pass through

A

M (microfold) cells over, peyer’s patches, which contain antigen presenting cells

70
Q

CD4+ is a

A

surface glycoprotein

71
Q

TCRs recognize _____ and ____ on APCs

A

antigens MHC Class II

72
Q

TLRs are a _____ ____ on ____ and _____ cells

A

costimulatory signal, APC and helper T cells

73
Q

T helper cells produce ______ and differentiate into:

A

cytokines, Th1, Th2, Th17, memory cells

74
Q

Th1 cells produce

A

IFN-gamma

75
Q

IFN-gamma….

A

activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity, macrophages, and antibodies, especially those that activate complement and opsonization

76
Q

Th2 cells produce

A

cytokines associated primarily with production of antibodies, activate eosinophils and B cells to produce IgE

77
Q

Th17 cells produce

A

(present in skin and intestinal lining) stimulate the innate immune system by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines

78
Q

Tfh cells

A

(follicular helper) stimulate B cells to produce plasma cells and are also involved in antibody class switching

79
Q

cytotoxic T cells are

A

CD8+ or Tc cells

80
Q

target cells are

A

self-cells carrying endogenous antigens

81
Q

Tc cells are activated into

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) which recognize antigen+MHC class I, and induce apoptosis in target cell

82
Q

CTLs release

A

perforin and granzymes

83
Q

T regulatory cells

A

CD4 and CD2s on surface, suppress T cells against self

84
Q

APCs

A

Bear MHC Class II molecules on their surface, bind and ingest foreign antigen, then digest antigen and export to cell surface bound to MHC Class II molecule, antigen fragments presented on surface as part of MHC Class II molecule

85
Q

3 types of Treg cells

A

B cells, Dendritic cells, activated macrophages

86
Q

Natural Killer cells (NK) are

A

granular leukocytes that destroy cells that don’t express MHC I, kill virus-infected and tumor cells, and attack parasites

87
Q

ADCC

A

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

88
Q

cytokines

A

chemical messengers of immune system

89
Q

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

A

stimulates Th cells in presence of antigens, attracts phagocytes

90
Q

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

A

proliferation of antigen-stimulated CD4+ T-helper cells (auto-induction_; proliferation and differentiation of B-cells, activation of CD8+ T cells and NK cells

91
Q

Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

A

inhibits humoral immunity, activates Th1 cellular immunity

92
Q

chemokines

A

induce migration of leukocytes

93
Q

TNF-a

A

primarily produced by activated macrophages; produces inflammation; pyrogenic

94
Q

hematopoietic cytokines

A

influence differentiation of blood stem cells

95
Q

INF-a and IFN-B

A

response to viral infection; interfere with protein synthesis

96
Q

IFN-gamma

A

stimulates macrophage activity

97
Q

antibody titer

A

amount of antibody in serum

98
Q

primary response occurs after

A

initial contact with antigen

99
Q

secondary response occurs

A

after second exposure (aka memory or anamnastic)

100
Q

serology

A

the study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

101
Q

antiserum

A

the generic term for serum because it contains antibodies

102
Q

globulins

A

serum proteins

103
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

104
Q

gamma globulin

A

serum fraction containing antibody

105
Q

types of adaptive immunity

A

naturally acquired active/passive

artificially acquired active/passive

106
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A

resulting from an infection

107
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A

transplacental or via colostrum

108
Q

artificially acquired active immunity

A

injection of antigen (vaccination)

109
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A

injection of antibody

microbiology (10 decks)

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