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microbiology > chapter 14: disease and epidemiology > Flashcards

chapter 14: disease and epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

pathology is

A

the scientific study of diseases

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2
Q

etiology is

A

the cause of a disease

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

a manner in which disease develops

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4
Q

infection is

A

the invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microorganism

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5
Q

disease is

A

when an infection results in a change in a state of health

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6
Q

symbiosis is

A

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host, the association of 2 or more different species of organisms

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7
Q

commensalism

A

an association between 2 organisms in which one benefits and the other is unaffected

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8
Q

mutualism

A

an association between 2 organisms in which both benefit

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9
Q

parasitism

A

an association between 2 organisms in which one benefits and the other is harmed

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10
Q

the skin is a _____ ______ barrier

A

mechanically strong

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11
Q

why is the skin an inhospitable environment?

A

slightly acidic pH, high NaCl concentration, most areas very low in moisture

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12
Q

what kinds of bacteria does the skin select for?

A

gram-positive, salt-tolerant bacteria; ie staphylococci (S. epidermidis), micrococci (M. luteus), diptheroids; only a few gram-negative (ex. Acinetobacter)

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13
Q

what kinds of inhibitory substances are on the skin?

A

lysozyme, fatty acids

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14
Q

commensal microbes include ______ and _______ microbiota

A

resident, transient

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15
Q

the microbes that reside on the skin reside….

A

in the presence of the fatty acids and then consume it to create an even more acidic environment

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16
Q

many microbes lie beneath the ___ ______

A

oil layer of the skin

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17
Q

_____ in the hair follicle

A

Anaerobes, ex: propionibacterium acnes

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18
Q

_____ on the surface

A

Aerobes, ex: Corynebacterium xerosis

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19
Q

_____ is also on skin

A

yeast, Malassezia furfur

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20
Q

_____ _____ are responsible for dental caries

A

oral bacteria

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21
Q

the _____ contains bacteria that survive _____ _____ by ________

A

mouth, mechanical removal, adhering to gums and teeth; they will survive as you ingest food

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22
Q

oral cavity is _____

A

hostile

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23
Q

the bacteria in the mouth contribute to

A

dental plaque, dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease

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24
Q

after birth, the oral cavity is…

A

colonized by microorganisms from the surrounding environment, helps the immune system

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25
oral bacteria suppress...
pathogens by competitive inhibition in the upper respiratory system
26
lower respiratory system is
sterile, no normal microbiota; microbes moved by continuous stream of mucous generated by ciliated epithelial cells
27
the predominant bacteria present in the nasopharynx and nose are
staphylococcus aureus and s. epidermidis, found just inside nostrils
28
pharynx and trachea contain
gram-positive bacteria; staphylococci, micrococci, diptheroids, streptococci
29
nasopharynx may contain low numbers of ...
potentially pathogenic microbes
30
mucus has ____
lysozyme
31
external ear flora is similar to that of the
skin
32
small numbers of bacterial commensals are found on the _____ of the eye throughout the human life
conjunctiva
33
predominant bacteria on the eye is
staphylococcus epidermidis
34
large numbers of bacteria found throughout most of the ______ system
digestive
35
bacteria in the large intestine
E. coli
36
most microbes in the stomach are killed by....
the acidic pH
37
some microbes in the stomach can survive if...
pass through very quickly or are ingested in food particles
38
large intestine has the ______ population of microbes in the body
largest
39
how are the microbes in the large intestine eliminated?
peristalsis, desquamation, and movement of mucus
40
the microbes in the large intestine are ______ very quickly
replaced, because of their high reproductive rate
41
most microbes present in the large intestine are ______
anaerobes
42
normal microbiota protect the host by...
occupying niches that pathogens might occupy, also produce acids and bacteriocins
43
bacteriocins are
antibacterial substances that attempt to control the environment in order to control presence of pathogens
44
microbial antagonism is
a competition between microbes
45
probiotics
live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
46
communicable disease
a disease that is spread from one host to another
47
noncommunicable disease
a disease that is not spread/transmitted from one host to another
48
contagious disease
a disease that is easily spread from one host to another
49
symptom
a change in the body felt by a patient as a result of a disease (subjective)
50
sign
a change in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
51
syndrome
a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
52
local infection
pathogens that are limited to a small area of the body
53
systemic infection
an infection throughout the entire body
54
focal infection
results from a local infection that enters the blood or lymphatic and spreads to another specific location of the body where it is confined
55
predisposing factors of disease
make the body more susceptible to disease, ex: gender, inherited traits, geography, climate and weather, nutrition, fatigue, age, lifestyle/habits, chemotherapy
56
Koch's postulates are...
four criteria published by Robert Koch in 1890 to establish the causative relationship between microbe and disease
57
Koch's postulates: (1-4)
1) the same pathogen must be present in ever case of the disease 2) the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3) the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host (laboratory animal) 4) the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
58
a reservoir is
a continual source of infection
59
three types of reservoirs
human, animal, nonliving
60
human reservoir
carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases
61
animal reservoir
zoonoses, diseases transmitted to humans from animals
62
nonliving reservoir examples
soil
63
direct contact transmission
requires close proximity/association between infected and susceptible host
64
indirect contact transmission
spread by fomites or vectors; droplet: transmission via airborne droplets/aerosols *most common
65
vehicle transmission
transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air); technically fomites but are transient and moving, different "reservoir" status
66
vectors are in most cases
animals: insects and arthropods usually, especially fleas/ticks/mosquitoes/biting flies
67
2 general methods of transmission by vectors
mechanical (arthropod carries pathogen on feet or other part of body and transmits it by landing on susceptible host) and biological (active more complex process, pathogen reproduces in vector)
68
nosocomial infections
acquired as a result of a hospital stay, affect 5-15% of all hospital patients
69
why are people so susceptible to nosocomial infections?
intersection of three factors 1) microorganisms in hospital environment 2) chain of transmission 3) compromised immune system of host

microbiology (10 decks)

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