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microbiology > chapter 14: disease and epidemiology > Flashcards

chapter 14: disease and epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathology is

A

the scientific study of diseases

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2
Q

etiology is

A

the cause of a disease

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3
Q

pathogenesis

A

a manner in which disease develops

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4
Q

infection is

A

the invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microorganism

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5
Q

disease is

A

when an infection results in a change in a state of health

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6
Q

symbiosis is

A

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host, the association of 2 or more different species of organisms

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7
Q

commensalism

A

an association between 2 organisms in which one benefits and the other is unaffected

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8
Q

mutualism

A

an association between 2 organisms in which both benefit

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9
Q

parasitism

A

an association between 2 organisms in which one benefits and the other is harmed

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10
Q

the skin is a _____ ______ barrier

A

mechanically strong

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11
Q

why is the skin an inhospitable environment?

A

slightly acidic pH, high NaCl concentration, most areas very low in moisture

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12
Q

what kinds of bacteria does the skin select for?

A

gram-positive, salt-tolerant bacteria; ie staphylococci (S. epidermidis), micrococci (M. luteus), diptheroids; only a few gram-negative (ex. Acinetobacter)

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13
Q

what kinds of inhibitory substances are on the skin?

A

lysozyme, fatty acids

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14
Q

commensal microbes include ______ and _______ microbiota

A

resident, transient

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15
Q

the microbes that reside on the skin reside….

A

in the presence of the fatty acids and then consume it to create an even more acidic environment

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16
Q

many microbes lie beneath the ___ ______

A

oil layer of the skin

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17
Q

_____ in the hair follicle

A

Anaerobes, ex: propionibacterium acnes

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18
Q

_____ on the surface

A

Aerobes, ex: Corynebacterium xerosis

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19
Q

_____ is also on skin

A

yeast, Malassezia furfur

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20
Q

_____ _____ are responsible for dental caries

A

oral bacteria

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21
Q

the _____ contains bacteria that survive _____ _____ by ________

A

mouth, mechanical removal, adhering to gums and teeth; they will survive as you ingest food

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22
Q

oral cavity is _____

A

hostile

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23
Q

the bacteria in the mouth contribute to

A

dental plaque, dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease

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24
Q

after birth, the oral cavity is…

A

colonized by microorganisms from the surrounding environment, helps the immune system

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25
Q

oral bacteria suppress…

A

pathogens by competitive inhibition in the upper respiratory system

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26
Q

lower respiratory system is

A

sterile, no normal microbiota; microbes moved by continuous stream of mucous generated by ciliated epithelial cells

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27
Q

the predominant bacteria present in the nasopharynx and nose are

A

staphylococcus aureus and s. epidermidis, found just inside nostrils

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28
Q

pharynx and trachea contain

A

gram-positive bacteria; staphylococci, micrococci, diptheroids, streptococci

29
Q

nasopharynx may contain low numbers of …

A

potentially pathogenic microbes

30
Q

mucus has ____

A

lysozyme

31
Q

external ear flora is similar to that of the

A

skin

32
Q

small numbers of bacterial commensals are found on the _____ of the eye throughout the human life

A

conjunctiva

33
Q

predominant bacteria on the eye is

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

34
Q

large numbers of bacteria found throughout most of the ______ system

A

digestive

35
Q

bacteria in the large intestine

A

E. coli

36
Q

most microbes in the stomach are killed by….

A

the acidic pH

37
Q

some microbes in the stomach can survive if…

A

pass through very quickly or are ingested in food particles

38
Q

large intestine has the ______ population of microbes in the body

A

largest

39
Q

how are the microbes in the large intestine eliminated?

A

peristalsis, desquamation, and movement of mucus

40
Q

the microbes in the large intestine are ______ very quickly

A

replaced, because of their high reproductive rate

41
Q

most microbes present in the large intestine are ______

A

anaerobes

42
Q

normal microbiota protect the host by…

A

occupying niches that pathogens might occupy, also produce acids and bacteriocins

43
Q

bacteriocins are

A

antibacterial substances that attempt to control the environment in order to control presence of pathogens

44
Q

microbial antagonism is

A

a competition between microbes

45
Q

probiotics

A

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

46
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

47
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

a disease that is not spread/transmitted from one host to another

48
Q

contagious disease

A

a disease that is easily spread from one host to another

49
Q

symptom

A

a change in the body felt by a patient as a result of a disease (subjective)

50
Q

sign

A

a change in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

51
Q

syndrome

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

52
Q

local infection

A

pathogens that are limited to a small area of the body

53
Q

systemic infection

A

an infection throughout the entire body

54
Q

focal infection

A

results from a local infection that enters the blood or lymphatic and spreads to another specific location of the body where it is confined

55
Q

predisposing factors of disease

A

make the body more susceptible to disease, ex: gender, inherited traits, geography, climate and weather, nutrition, fatigue, age, lifestyle/habits, chemotherapy

56
Q

Koch’s postulates are…

A

four criteria published by Robert Koch in 1890 to establish the causative relationship between microbe and disease

57
Q

Koch’s postulates: (1-4)

A

1) the same pathogen must be present in ever case of the disease
2) the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3) the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host (laboratory animal)
4) the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism

58
Q

a reservoir is

A

a continual source of infection

59
Q

three types of reservoirs

A

human, animal, nonliving

60
Q

human reservoir

A

carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

61
Q

animal reservoir

A

zoonoses, diseases transmitted to humans from animals

62
Q

nonliving reservoir examples

A

soil

63
Q

direct contact transmission

A

requires close proximity/association between infected and susceptible host

64
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

spread by fomites or vectors; droplet: transmission via airborne droplets/aerosols *most common

65
Q

vehicle transmission

A

transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air); technically fomites but are transient and moving, different “reservoir” status

66
Q

vectors are in most cases

A

animals: insects and arthropods usually, especially fleas/ticks/mosquitoes/biting flies

67
Q

2 general methods of transmission by vectors

A

mechanical (arthropod carries pathogen on feet or other part of body and transmits it by landing on susceptible host) and biological (active more complex process, pathogen reproduces in vector)

68
Q

nosocomial infections

A

acquired as a result of a hospital stay, affect 5-15% of all hospital patients

69
Q

why are people so susceptible to nosocomial infections?

A

intersection of three factors

1) microorganisms in hospital environment
2) chain of transmission
3) compromised immune system of host

microbiology (10 decks)

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