chapter 16: innate immunity- non-specific host defenses

Question 1

susceptibility

Answer 1

the lack of resistance to a disease

Question 2

immunity

Answer 2

ability to ward off a disease

Question 3

innate immunity

Answer 3

defenses against any pathogen, uniform manner of attack

Question 4

acquired/adaptive immunity

Answer 4

immunity or resistance tailored to a specific pathogen

Question 5

innate immunity is present starting ….

Answer 5

from birth

Question 6

innate immunity consists of…

Answer 6

external barriers plus internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 7

acquired immunity develops when?

Answer 7

after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances

Question 8

Host Toll-like receptors (TLRs) attach to

Answer 8

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 9

TLRs induce…

Answer 9

cytokines that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses

Question 10

what are the phases of phagocytosis?

Answer 10

chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion

Question 11

what are the physical factors that protect us from microbes and pathogens?

Answer 11

skin, mucous membranes, lacrimal apparatus, urine, vaginal secretions

Question 12

how does the skin protect us from pathogens and microbes?

Answer 12

epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with Keratin (protective protein)

Question 13

how do mucous membranes protect against microbes and pathogens?

Answer 13

mucus traps microbes, ciliary escalator transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

Question 14

how does the lacrimal apparatus protect us from pathogens and microbes?

Answer 14

washes eye

Question 15

how does saliva protect us from pathogens and microbes?

Answer 15

washes microbes off

Question 16

how do urine and vaginal secretions protect against pathogens and microbes?

Answer 16

flows out of the body

Question 17

what are the chemical factors that protect against pathogens?

Answer 17

fungistatic fatty acid in sebum, low pH in skin (result of secretion of fatty acids and lactic acid) , gastric juice, and vaginal secretions, and the presence of lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine

Question 18

what is the action of lysozyme?

Answer 18

attacks the protective cell walls of bacteria. Bacteria build a tough skin of carbohydrate chains, interlocked by short peptide strands, that braces their delicate membrane against the cell’s high osmotic pressure. Lysozyme breaks these carbohydrate chains, (Beta 1-4 linkage) destroying the structural integrity of the cell wall. The bacteria burst under their own internal pressure.

Question 19

what is microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion?

Answer 19

normal microbiota compete with pathogens or alter the environment

Question 20

commensal microbiota

Answer 20

one organism benefits and the other is unharmed (opportunistic pathogens)

Question 21

leukocytosis

Answer 21

increase in WBC count, (>11,000/mL), indicative of inflammation, most likely an infection (normal range is between 5,000 and 10,000)

Question 22

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 22

the ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes

Question 23

following an injury, ___ cells release _____ which promotes change in blood vessels

Answer 23

mast, histamine

Question 24

the inflammatory response allows increase in local blood supply, and allows….

Answer 24

more phagocytes and antimicrobial proteins to enter the tissues

Question 25

what is pus?

Answer 25

a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead microbes, and cell debris, accumulates at the site of inflammation

Question 26

inflammation can be either

Answer 26

local or systemic

Question 27

fever is a ____ inflammatory disease triggered by....

Answer 27

systemic, the release of pyrogens released by macrophages, and toxins from pathogens

Question 28

acute-phase proteins activated are

Answer 28

complement, cytokine, and kinins

Question 29

vasodilation caused by

Answer 29

histamines, kinins, prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Question 30

symptoms and signs of inflammation

Answer 30

redness, swelling (edema), pain, heat

Question 31

what are some chemicals that damaged cells release

Answer 31

histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Question 32

histamine causes

Answer 32

vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

Question 33

kinins cause

Answer 33

vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

Question 34

prostaglandins cause

Answer 34

vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels (most intense)

Question 35

leukotrienes cause

Answer 35

increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

Question 36

how does a fever occur?

Answer 36

macrophage engulfs a gram negative bacteria, bacteria releasing endotoxins constantly. this induces macrophage to start producing cytokines, which travel through blood stream to the hypothalamus to induce production of prostaglandins, which change inner thermostat to a higher temperature, resulting in a fever

Question 37

advantages of a fever

Answer 37

increases transferrins and IL-1 activity, produces interferon

Question 38

disadvantages of a fever

Answer 38

tachycardia, acidosis, dehydration, 44-46 degrees Celsius=fatal

Question 39

concept of the complement system

Answer 39

serum proteins activated in a cascade by antigen-antibody reactions, proteins= C3, B, D, P

Question 40

three effects of the complement system

Answer 40

enhances engulfment, increased inflammation, directly kills pathogens

Question 41

what is cytolysis

Answer 41

lysing of a cell by a membrane attack complex

Question 42

complement system attracts ____ by promoting inflammation

Answer 42

macrophages

Question 43

what is opsonization

Answer 43

enhancing attraction/attachment of microbe for phagocyte

Question 44

which protein causes opsonization?

Answer 44

C3b and C4b, binds to surface

Question 45

which proteins cause inflammation?

Answer 45

C3a and C5a, enhance histamine release from Mast cells

Question 46

which proteins cause cell lysis?

Answer 46

C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 (creates pore for lysis)

Question 47

_____ and _____ have C3b receptors

Answer 47

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 48

erythrocytes (RBC) function

Answer 48

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 49

leukocytes (WBC) types

Answer 49

granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils), agranulocytes (monocytes and dendritic cells)

Question 50

eosinophils function

Answer 50

production of toxic proteins against certain parasites, some phagocytosis

Question 51

lymphocyte types

Answer 51

Natural killer (NK), T cells, B cells

Question 52

NK cell function

Answer 52

destroy target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis

Question 53

T cell function

Answer 53

cell-mediated immunity

Question 54

B cell function

Answer 54

descendants of B cells (plasma cells) produce antibodies

Question 55

platelet function

Answer 55

blood clotting

Question 56

neutrophil (PMNs) function

Answer 56

phagocytosis, most common WBC

Question 57

basophil function

Answer 57

production of histamine

Question 58

monocyte function

Answer 58

phagocytosis (when they mature into macrophages)

Question 59

dendritic cell function

Answer 59

derived from monocytes; phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immune responses

Question 60

classical pathway of complement activation

Answer 60

C1 is activated by binding to antigen-antibody complexes, activated C1 splits C2 into C2a and C2b, and C4 into C4a and C4b, C2a and C4b combine and activate C3, splitting it into C3a and C3b

Question 61

alternative pathway of complement activation

Answer 61

C3 combines with factors B,D, and P on the surface of a microbe, this causes C3 to split into fragments C3a and C3b; *antibody independent

Question 62

lectin pathway of complement activation

Answer 62

lectin binds to an invading cell on a carbohydrate containing mannose, bound lectin splits into C2 and C4, C2a and C4b combine and activate C3

Question 63

how do some bacteria evade the complement system?

Answer 63

capsules prevent C activation, surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent membrane attack complex (MAC) formation, enzymatic digestion of C5a, C5 convertase inhibitors

Question 64

what are interferons?

Answer 64

cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication/causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize the bacteria (based on type)

Question 65

IFN-a and IFN-B cause...

Answer 65

cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication

Question 66

IFN-gamma causes

Answer 66

neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize the bacteria

Question 67

what do transferrins do?

Answer 67

bind serum iron

Question 68

antimicrobial peptides...

Answer 68

lyse bacterial cells