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microbiology > chapter 16: innate immunity- non-specific host defenses > Flashcards

chapter 16: innate immunity- non-specific host defenses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

susceptibility

A

the lack of resistance to a disease

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2
Q

immunity

A

ability to ward off a disease

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

defenses against any pathogen, uniform manner of attack

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4
Q

acquired/adaptive immunity

A

immunity or resistance tailored to a specific pathogen

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5
Q

innate immunity is present starting ….

A

from birth

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6
Q

innate immunity consists of…

A

external barriers plus internal cellular and chemical defenses

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7
Q

acquired immunity develops when?

A

after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances

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8
Q

Host Toll-like receptors (TLRs) attach to

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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9
Q

TLRs induce…

A

cytokines that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses

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10
Q

what are the phases of phagocytosis?

A

chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion

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11
Q

what are the physical factors that protect us from microbes and pathogens?

A

skin, mucous membranes, lacrimal apparatus, urine, vaginal secretions

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12
Q

how does the skin protect us from pathogens and microbes?

A

epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with Keratin (protective protein)

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13
Q

how do mucous membranes protect against microbes and pathogens?

A

mucus traps microbes, ciliary escalator transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

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14
Q

how does the lacrimal apparatus protect us from pathogens and microbes?

A

washes eye

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15
Q

how does saliva protect us from pathogens and microbes?

A

washes microbes off

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16
Q

how do urine and vaginal secretions protect against pathogens and microbes?

A

flows out of the body

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17
Q

what are the chemical factors that protect against pathogens?

A

fungistatic fatty acid in sebum, low pH in skin (result of secretion of fatty acids and lactic acid) , gastric juice, and vaginal secretions, and the presence of lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine

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18
Q

what is the action of lysozyme?

A

attacks the protective cell walls of bacteria. Bacteria build a tough skin of carbohydrate chains, interlocked by short peptide strands, that braces their delicate membrane against the cell’s high osmotic pressure. Lysozyme breaks these carbohydrate chains, (Beta 1-4 linkage) destroying the structural integrity of the cell wall. The bacteria burst under their own internal pressure.

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19
Q

what is microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion?

A

normal microbiota compete with pathogens or alter the environment

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20
Q

commensal microbiota

A

one organism benefits and the other is unharmed (opportunistic pathogens)

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21
Q

leukocytosis

A

increase in WBC count, (>11,000/mL), indicative of inflammation, most likely an infection (normal range is between 5,000 and 10,000)

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22
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

the ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes

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23
Q

following an injury, ___ cells release _____ which promotes change in blood vessels

A

mast, histamine

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24
Q

the inflammatory response allows increase in local blood supply, and allows….

A

more phagocytes and antimicrobial proteins to enter the tissues

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25
Q

what is pus?

A

a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead microbes, and cell debris, accumulates at the site of inflammation

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26
Q

inflammation can be either

A

local or systemic

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27
Q

fever is a ____ inflammatory disease triggered by….

A

systemic, the release of pyrogens released by macrophages, and toxins from pathogens

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28
Q

acute-phase proteins activated are

A

complement, cytokine, and kinins

29
Q

vasodilation caused by

A

histamines, kinins, prostaglandins and leukotrienes

30
Q

symptoms and signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling (edema), pain, heat

31
Q

what are some chemicals that damaged cells release

A

histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

32
Q

histamine causes

A

vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

33
Q

kinins cause

A

vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

34
Q

prostaglandins cause

A

vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels (most intense)

35
Q

leukotrienes cause

A

increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

36
Q

how does a fever occur?

A

macrophage engulfs a gram negative bacteria, bacteria releasing endotoxins constantly. this induces macrophage to start producing cytokines, which travel through blood stream to the hypothalamus to induce production of prostaglandins, which change inner thermostat to a higher temperature, resulting in a fever

37
Q

advantages of a fever

A

increases transferrins and IL-1 activity, produces interferon

38
Q

disadvantages of a fever

A

tachycardia, acidosis, dehydration, 44-46 degrees Celsius=fatal

39
Q

concept of the complement system

A

serum proteins activated in a cascade by antigen-antibody reactions, proteins= C3, B, D, P

40
Q

three effects of the complement system

A

enhances engulfment, increased inflammation, directly kills pathogens

41
Q

what is cytolysis

A

lysing of a cell by a membrane attack complex

42
Q

complement system attracts ____ by promoting inflammation

A

macrophages

43
Q

what is opsonization

A

enhancing attraction/attachment of microbe for phagocyte

44
Q

which protein causes opsonization?

A

C3b and C4b, binds to surface

45
Q

which proteins cause inflammation?

A

C3a and C5a, enhance histamine release from Mast cells

46
Q

which proteins cause cell lysis?

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 (creates pore for lysis)

47
Q

_____ and _____ have C3b receptors

A

macrophages and neutrophils

48
Q

erythrocytes (RBC) function

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

49
Q

leukocytes (WBC) types

A

granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils), agranulocytes (monocytes and dendritic cells)

50
Q

eosinophils function

A

production of toxic proteins against certain parasites, some phagocytosis

51
Q

lymphocyte types

A

Natural killer (NK), T cells, B cells

52
Q

NK cell function

A

destroy target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis

53
Q

T cell function

A

cell-mediated immunity

54
Q

B cell function

A

descendants of B cells (plasma cells) produce antibodies

55
Q

platelet function

A

blood clotting

56
Q

neutrophil (PMNs) function

A

phagocytosis, most common WBC

57
Q

basophil function

A

production of histamine

58
Q

monocyte function

A

phagocytosis (when they mature into macrophages)

59
Q

dendritic cell function

A

derived from monocytes; phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immune responses

60
Q

classical pathway of complement activation

A

C1 is activated by binding to antigen-antibody complexes, activated C1 splits C2 into C2a and C2b, and C4 into C4a and C4b, C2a and C4b combine and activate C3, splitting it into C3a and C3b

61
Q

alternative pathway of complement activation

A

C3 combines with factors B,D, and P on the surface of a microbe, this causes C3 to split into fragments C3a and C3b; *antibody independent

62
Q

lectin pathway of complement activation

A

lectin binds to an invading cell on a carbohydrate containing mannose, bound lectin splits into C2 and C4, C2a and C4b combine and activate C3

63
Q

how do some bacteria evade the complement system?

A

capsules prevent C activation, surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent membrane attack complex (MAC) formation, enzymatic digestion of C5a, C5 convertase inhibitors

64
Q

what are interferons?

A

cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication/causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize the bacteria (based on type)

65
Q

IFN-a and IFN-B cause…

A

cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication

66
Q

IFN-gamma causes

A

neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize the bacteria

67
Q

what do transferrins do?

A

bind serum iron

68
Q

antimicrobial peptides…

A

lyse bacterial cells

microbiology (10 decks)

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