Chapter 24 Flashcards
What has been the typical city from the middle ages?
Centers of government, culture, and commerce
Congested, dirty, and unhealthy
“Walking city” for all but the wealthy
Tight-packed
Easy spread of disease- more likely to die than in the countryside
Did the Industrial Revolution cause the city issues?
No- just magnified them
Which country faced the greatest challenge of Urban environment?
Britain
When did Britain and France begin to worry about the city condition?
1820s and 30s
What was to blame for the horrible conditions of the city ?
Crucial- tremendous pressure of more people with a total lack of public transportation
-Jammed together to get places
Another- government in Great Britain was slow to provide sanitary facilities and establish good building codes- don’t know how
MOST- Sad legacy of rural housing conditions in pre-industrial society combined with ignorance- last on the new-comer’s list
Who was Chadwick?
Administrative relief to the paupers under Britain’s revised Poor Law (1834)
Benthamite
-Bentham- public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis for the greater good
Convinced that disease and poverty cause death
-Sickness is unemployment
-Orphaned is poor
Disease can be prevented by cleaning up the environment
-reports published 1842
-proof
Drainage, sewage, and garbage collection
-Cheaper to clean outhouse by cheap iron pipes and drains
Strengthened point- 1848 Cholera epidemic
Inspire Britain’s 1st health law to build sanitary systems
When was water sanitation seeing good progress?
1860-70
What theory held back health reformers from a breakthrough in disease prevention?
Miasmatic theory- belief that people contract disease from bad odors
What was the breakthrough theory that led to better disease care?
Louis Pasteur- Germ Theory of Disease
Watched fermentation process
Pasteurization- activity of the growth of living organisms that fermentation depended on could be suppressed with heat
Specific diseases are caused by specific organisms- germs
Who was Dr. Koch?
1870s
Describe the life-cycles of harmful bacteria cultures
What country led the way in disease theories?
Germany
Who was Lister?
English surgeon Aerial bacteria and infection Antiseptic principle- chemical disinfectant applied to would dressings After- -Hospitals more clean -Sterilize everything
Who took the lead in Urban Planning in the 1850s?
Napoleon III in France
What did Napoleon III do?
Sought to stand up above class conflict and promote welfare of all of his subjects through government action
W/ Haussmann he rebuilds much of Paris
-provide employment, improve living conditions, and testify to the power of his empire
How did Napoleon III and Haussmann rebuild Paris?
Bulldozed buildings and opposition Old Paris- 1850 -Labyrinth of narrow, dark streets -Desperate overcrowding -Terrible slum conditions and high death rates -Few open spaces -Few opportunities for transportation New Paris -Boulevards -Created small neighborhood parks and open spaces -Two large parks for big events- each side of town -Better water systems -Set an example for other urban planners
How was mass transportation achieved and what was the impact?
1870s- allowed to use horse carriages on the street- inspired by America
-Private company owned
1890s- Europe adopted the American electric street cars
-Cheaper, faster, more dependable
-Workers, shoppers, and school children
-Weekends- outings to parks, countryside, racetracks, and music halls
Impact
-Helped in the struggle for decent housing- able to be less congested and work farther away
Remember- although their were improvements in the Urban Environment for all the people…
Differences in living conditions among social classes remained gigantic
How did the transition to the industrial world change the social framework of the rich and the poor?
Substantial increase in SOL for the average person
Greater economic rewards did NOT eliminate hardship or poverty, nor did they make the wealth of the rich and poor significantly more equal
Why?
-Industrial and Urban development made society more diverse and less unified- subclasses
How could the Middle Class be described?
Confederation of Middle classes loosely united by occupations requiring mental skill
Who was at the top of the Middle Class?
Upper Middle Class
What did Middle Class people spend their money on?
Education, Servants, Feed, Clothes,
