Chapter 24 Flashcards
What has been the typical city from the middle ages?
Centers of government, culture, and commerce
Congested, dirty, and unhealthy
“Walking city” for all but the wealthy
Tight-packed
Easy spread of disease- more likely to die than in the countryside
Did the Industrial Revolution cause the city issues?
No- just magnified them
Which country faced the greatest challenge of Urban environment?
Britain
When did Britain and France begin to worry about the city condition?
1820s and 30s
What was to blame for the horrible conditions of the city ?
Crucial- tremendous pressure of more people with a total lack of public transportation
-Jammed together to get places
Another- government in Great Britain was slow to provide sanitary facilities and establish good building codes- don’t know how
MOST- Sad legacy of rural housing conditions in pre-industrial society combined with ignorance- last on the new-comer’s list
Who was Chadwick?
Administrative relief to the paupers under Britain’s revised Poor Law (1834)
Benthamite
-Bentham- public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis for the greater good
Convinced that disease and poverty cause death
-Sickness is unemployment
-Orphaned is poor
Disease can be prevented by cleaning up the environment
-reports published 1842
-proof
Drainage, sewage, and garbage collection
-Cheaper to clean outhouse by cheap iron pipes and drains
Strengthened point- 1848 Cholera epidemic
Inspire Britain’s 1st health law to build sanitary systems
When was water sanitation seeing good progress?
1860-70
What theory held back health reformers from a breakthrough in disease prevention?
Miasmatic theory- belief that people contract disease from bad odors
What was the breakthrough theory that led to better disease care?
Louis Pasteur- Germ Theory of Disease
Watched fermentation process
Pasteurization- activity of the growth of living organisms that fermentation depended on could be suppressed with heat
Specific diseases are caused by specific organisms- germs
Who was Dr. Koch?
1870s
Describe the life-cycles of harmful bacteria cultures
What country led the way in disease theories?
Germany
Who was Lister?
English surgeon Aerial bacteria and infection Antiseptic principle- chemical disinfectant applied to would dressings After- -Hospitals more clean -Sterilize everything
Who took the lead in Urban Planning in the 1850s?
Napoleon III in France
What did Napoleon III do?
Sought to stand up above class conflict and promote welfare of all of his subjects through government action
W/ Haussmann he rebuilds much of Paris
-provide employment, improve living conditions, and testify to the power of his empire
How did Napoleon III and Haussmann rebuild Paris?
Bulldozed buildings and opposition Old Paris- 1850 -Labyrinth of narrow, dark streets -Desperate overcrowding -Terrible slum conditions and high death rates -Few open spaces -Few opportunities for transportation New Paris -Boulevards -Created small neighborhood parks and open spaces -Two large parks for big events- each side of town -Better water systems -Set an example for other urban planners
How was mass transportation achieved and what was the impact?
1870s- allowed to use horse carriages on the street- inspired by America
-Private company owned
1890s- Europe adopted the American electric street cars
-Cheaper, faster, more dependable
-Workers, shoppers, and school children
-Weekends- outings to parks, countryside, racetracks, and music halls
Impact
-Helped in the struggle for decent housing- able to be less congested and work farther away
Remember- although their were improvements in the Urban Environment for all the people…
Differences in living conditions among social classes remained gigantic
How did the transition to the industrial world change the social framework of the rich and the poor?
Substantial increase in SOL for the average person
Greater economic rewards did NOT eliminate hardship or poverty, nor did they make the wealth of the rich and poor significantly more equal
Why?
-Industrial and Urban development made society more diverse and less unified- subclasses
How could the Middle Class be described?
Confederation of Middle classes loosely united by occupations requiring mental skill
Who was at the top of the Middle Class?
Upper Middle Class
What did Middle Class people spend their money on?
Education, Servants, Feed, Clothes,
Did working class people employ servants?
No
Who was the labor aristocracy?
Highly skilled working class workers
Why didn’t the upper working class want to become middle class?
They were at the top of their own game- role model for other workers to strive for
Who was below the labor aristocracy?
Semi-skilled and unskilled workers
What did many unskilled workers do?
Domestic service
What did the working class do for leisure in the 19th century?
Drinking
Spectator sports- racing and soccer- gambling is incentive towards literature
Music halls and theaters- counterpart to Middle Class Opera
Why did less people begin going to church?
Failed to keep construction going for a rising population
Materialistic urban environment- undermined popular religious material
Working class- more politically conscious- reject the firm order of the church
What was marriage like for working class people?
Marry for love
Closer in age
From different towns
What was marriage like for the middle class?
Economic considerations still important
Life’s most crucial financial transaction
Marry late- younger woman
-Tensions made for trouble within the marriage
When was the illegitimacy explosion?
1750-1850, reversed in the second half of the 19th century
What was the role of women after 1850?
Wives became increasingly distinct from their husbands
Employment- declined, stay home more often
-Only work in poor families
Separate Spheres
Loving and nurturing
Hard job
Handled the money and house business
Work- piecework at home or in sweated industries
How did women react to their lack of rights?
Feminist movements
Who was Franziska Tiburtius?
Woman physician in Berlin
Help the poor- up to date on practice and medicine
Friend of Emilie Lehmus
Who was Droz?
“Mr., Mrs., and Baby”
Love within marriage is the key to happiness
Follow your hearts
More public affection between couples
Urged fathers to be involved with children?
What changed for children?
More love, affection, and value
No longer an economic asset
Had fewer so the children they had could become more privileged
Less abandoned
Some (especially middle class) were too concerned for
-Emotional pressure
-Trapped- need independence
Father- removed and estranged relationship
-Compete for mother’s love
-Demanding
What did Freud say about mental illness and childhood?
Originate in bitter early-childhood experiences- had to repress strong feelings
Defense mechanism
How was science changed?
Transformation into material improvements for the general population
What are thermodynamics?
Relation between heat and energy
Law of Conservation of Energy
Who was Mendeleev?
Russian Chemist
Periodic law/table
What was one achievement in Organic Chemistry?
Coal tar into dyes
Who was Michael Faraday?
Electromagnetism First Dynamo (generator)
What was “R and D”?
Research and development
What did Comte do?
French philosopher
“System of Positive Philosophy”
Intellectual activity- stages
Positive method- apply scientific method to sociology/human relations
Who was Charles Lyell?
Principle of uniformatarianism- same processes that shaped the earth long ago still shape them today
Who was Lamarck?
Flawed- all beings had risen from a long process of continual change and adjustment to the environment and were inherited
What did Darwin do?
Natural selection
Inspired by Malthus
Describe Realism.
1840-1890 Literature should depict life exactly how it is Strict scientific objectivity Reject romantic Everyday life Dissection of the middle class Taboo subjects
Who were some French realists?
Balzac, Flaubert, and Zola
Who was Mary Ann Evans?
George Elliott
English realist
What did Hardy write about?
People crushed by fate and bad luck
Who was Tolstoy?
Russian realist
“War and Peace”
-Napoleon’s invasion of Russia
-Prince, Pierre, and Natasha
Who was Dreiser?
American realist
“Sister Carrie”
