Chapter 20 Flashcards
What is the more common type of family in Europe?
Nuclear family
in the 17th century, when did people typically marry and why?
Older
No marriage until they could support themselves economically
Sons needed to wait until father dies and gets land
Daughter needed to wait until they gather a dowry
Within families, what did boys and girls do?
Boys plowed
Girls spun and tended to cattle
Where did boys go when leaving home?
Towns as an apprentice
-No marriage, several years
More often- drift from job to job
Where did girls work outside of home?
Servants in another family
- Low wages paid to parents with hard work
- No laws to restrict exploitation
When was the illegitimacy explosion?
1750s-1800s
Why was there an illegitimacy explosion?
Fewer men married the woman he got pregnant
Cottage Industry- not tied to the land, don’t wait to inherit, marry for love- not economy
-But still too unstable
What was the view on breastfeeding?
Done by poor mothers- good for baby- less likely to die, nutritious, but time consuming
Rich mothers- undignified
What is a wet-nurse?
Hired by richer mothers
A nurse with a child of her own is hired to breastfeed the baby for the mother
Could be negligent and greedy
What are killing nurses?
Wet-nurses who purposely let the child die so they could take the money and move on to the next pay
What is infanticide?
Deliberate killing of a baby (often girls) because the family is incapable of feeding and raising them
Or leave them at the Church doorstep
Who was Saint Vincent de Paul?
Established the first Foundling home
What was a Foundling home?
Home for abandoned babies to prevent infanticide
Favorite charity of the rich
Many came, but few left
Were children of great concern to their parents?
No
What were the mid-1800s changes in child care?
Rousseau- love, tenderness, support foundlings, nurse babies, no swaddling,new teaching methods
Who led the new interest in education?
Prussia
What group had colleges?
Jesuits
What was elementary education?
Ages 7-12
Basic literature and religion
Promoted by religious reformers
What was the diet of the poor?
Grains and gruel
Vegetables- beans, peas, cabbage, carrots, and wild greens, then dried for the winter months
Meat- too expensive and deprived of hunting rights
Did not like milk
What was the diet of the rich?
Carnivores
Fish and meat
No vegetables
Sweets, cheeses, and nuts
What disease did the poor get?
Scurvy- rot gums, swell limbs, and weaken body
What disease did the rich get?
Gout
How did diets begin to change?
Potato- Vitamins A and C, carbs, calories, first in Ireland
White bread- less nutritious
Growing sugar consumption
What are faith healers?
Use exorcism
Sickness- evil demons inside a person
Religious relics, prayer, and laying of hands
Most effective with mental disorders
What are apothecaries?
Sold herbs, drugs, and patent medicine
Complex prescriptions
Dangerous purging and bloodletting
Who were physicians?
Men who were apprenticed in teen years from prosperous families
Experiment new methods
Bloodletting
Who were surgeons?
Medical and social progress
Anatomy studied seriously
Army battlefields- where they learned
Unclean- infections and death
Who were midwives?
Older widowed women
Trained by other midwives
Birthed babies and helped out with women
Attacked continually by surgeons in witch hunts
What were hospitals like before reform?
No isolation Nurses- ignorant, greedy, and drunk Surgery in bed No fresh air Disease and infection spread
What was the reform of the hospitals?
Ventilation
What did Tuke say?
Reform mental hospitals
Previous- discipline, bleeding, and cold water, chains
1790- patients, not prisoners
What is a lunatic?
Craziness caused by the moonlight
What did Lady Wortley Montagu do?
Smallpox inoculation- pop the puss
What did Edward Jenner do?
Use cowpox to stop smallpox
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