Chapter 21 Flashcards
Be able to explain the three Estates of France.
1st- Clergymen
2nd- Nobles
-manorial rights
3rd- Everyone else
-A-Bourgeoisie- middle class town people who were merchants, bankers, lawyers, and doctors
-B-Artisans and laborers- craftsmen, no land owned
-C-Peasants-90%- farmers, felt the impact of heavy taxes
Why were there economic problems in France before the Revolution?
After the 7 Years' War and the American War of Independence, the French government was nearly bankrupt 50%-interest on loans 20% on Military 6% Versailles Unable to cancel debt
How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution?
French soldiers who served were inspired
According to Sieyes, “What is the Third Estate”?
Said that the Third Estate is the strength of France because they bring in the money and needed supplies with crops and farming
What was the role of woman during the early French Revolution?
The March to Versailles
-7,000 women
-Nobles fled and they had lost their jobs- want bread
-Force Louis and his family to live back in Paris
Others advocate for women’s rights
Why did the Estates General need to meet?
The King wanted to establish a new tax on all land owners
1st- call the Assembly of Notables (1st and 2nd Estate)- rejected
Had to call the Estates General for the first time since 1614
Grievance petitions- all three Estates were calling for a constitutional monarchy
Third Estate were lawyers and government officials- knew the law
Who were the men representing the Third Estate?
The Bourgeois Middle class lawyers and government officers
Why did the Third Estate become the National Assembly?
Intense debate over the voting procedure
Angry w/ only one vote, even though they represented the majority
Left the meeting- locked out of the room to the tennis courts
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
Established the National Assembly
Vowed to continue meeting until they had a new constitution
What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man guarantee?
Men are born and remain free and equal Equality before the law Individual freedom Representative government Innocent until proven guilty
Who was Olympe de Gouges?
“Declaration of Rights of Women and Female Citizen”
Critical of Robespierre
Female rights- protest in pamphlets
How was the Limited Constitutional Monarchy (LCM) a move to the left?
Reforms 1. Women's rights Seek divorce Inherit property Support for illegitimate kids BUT No government Stay home 2. Freedom of religion 3. Reorganize provinces into 83 departments 4. Establish a metric system 5. Paper currency- Assignats 6. Abolition of monopolies, guilds, and internal tariffs Freer trade 7. Abolition as nobility as a legal order 8. Nationalize the Church property nationalized clergy swear an oath of allegiance to French government
How was the LCM structured?
Constitution Three branches -Executive- Louis -Legislative- Legislative assembly -Judicial- Parlement White male property owners vote
Who was going to war against France during the French Revolution and why?
Austria and Prussia- 1792
-Declaration of Pillnitz- protect the monarchy, alliance intervention into France, afraid they would spread revolution
-War on Habsburgs
1793-94- rest of Europe
Why did the LCM change to a Republic?
Angry at the King’s attempt to flee, so they executed him
What was the structure of the Republic?
National Convention- -Elected by all adult French males 3 Branches -Executive- Emergency Committee of Public Safety, 12 people, Robespierre, all different jobs -Legislative- National Convention -Judicial- tribunals LEFT Reforms -All men could vote -Planned economy- price fixing -Get wheat from peasants -Minimum wage -Nationalize businesses Social Changes -New calender with no holy days, 10 day work week, NO CHRISTIANITY -Religion of the Supreme being- just for France Other -Robespierre head -Girondists vs Mountains -Reign of Terror Goal- democratic republic where justice would reign and there would be no rich or poor
What new laws were passed that showed a Left movement in the Republic?
- Controlled economy
- Rationing
- All men vote
- Minimum wage
- Nationalize business
- Calender
- New religion- nationalism
What was the Reign of Terror?
Robespierre
Kill anyone against the revolution
Killings…
Guillotine- quick and painless
Vende-Cathilic-Loin- tied to a sinking ship and drowned
Grape shots- cannons filled with dangerous items such as nails and screws
What pushed the Republic right into the Directory?
Thermidorian Reaction
Conspiracy against Robespierre
National Convention afraid Robespierre would turn on him- Robespierre arrested and executed
What was the structure of the Directory?
1795-1799
Executive- directors
-essentially dictators
-established by respectable middle class lawyers and professionals who had been an elemental force that had driven the revolution forward
Legislative-
-bicameral- two houses- council of ancients and council of 500
Judicial
What new laws were in the Directory?
Voting by Electors -wealthy property owners -lawyers and upper class people No more price/wage controls -inflation -starvation -riots suppressed by force
Why weren’t the people happy with the Directory?
The end of the economic controls hit the poor in Paris hard and resulted in riots suppressed by force
Less equality
Why did the people think that Napoleon would be a good leader?
Strong military leader
Why was the Consulate a manipulation?
Napoleon did not really need the other two consuls- like Rome, but NOT
Rubber stamp parliament
What was the structure of the Consulate?
Ruled by 3 consuls Napoleon- first consul Changes- -reinstate the church (catholic -plebiscite vote on new constitution -Louisiana Purchase- 1813 -Confirmed the gains of the peasants and reassured middle class by defending property -strengthen central bureaucracy Rubber stamp parliament -hand chooses people to run as reps Police state Strict censorship Napoleonic Code -Women's legal and property rights reduced -under guardianship
What was the Concordat of 1801?
Napoleon appoints people to the church
How did Napoleon become emperor?
Crowned himself
What was Napoleon’s Peninsular campaign?
Spanish and Portuguese revolts against trade blockade around the Iberian Peninsula
What was the Continental System?
Restriction/blockade of trade with Britain with all of Europe
Weaken Britain because he couldn't fight their ships
Does not work-
-countries he controls do not like it
-nationalistic feelings
-want to trade with England
Revolts
1. Spain- Iberian Peninsula
-Rebel fighting
-Napoleons brother on throne
-English help
2. Portugal trades with Britain
-Napoleon brings in military
3. Russia trades with Britain
-1812
-600,000 invade Russia (1/3 French)
-Scorched Earth Policy- Russians burned their own villages so French had no resources
-Napoleon defeated
Devastation for middle class and artisans
England counter-blockade
Stop American shipsWhat area from US did Napoleon buy?
Louisiana Purchase- fund wars
How was Napoleon defeated in Russia?
Winter and mass starvation
Austria and Prussia leave him- 4th coalition
Defeated and exiled to Elba (off of Italy)
What was the Hundred Days?
1815- Napoleon returns in disguise Promises no more war Waterloo -defeated by Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britain (4th coalition) - Exiled to St. Helena (Africa)
What happened to French government after Waterloo?
4th coalition establishes a constitutional monarchy with Louis XVII
