Chapter 22 Flashcards
Why was England the first to industrialize?
- Expanding Atlantic Trade and movement of goods
Colonial markets for manufactured goods (Latin America)
The canal system
-water is cheaper than land
-island
-20 miles apart (walk-able)
-easy movement of coal and iron
-natural advantage
Growing market for English manufactured goods
2. Agricultural Revolutions 2nd to the Dutch and Low Countries Farming and technology -cheaper foods -continually adopting new methods Capital available for investment and spending money available for industrial goods
3. Other Assets A stable government with an effective central bank and well-developed credit markets Stable government -LCM -Middle class (House of Commons) slowly gain party Somewhat unregulated market -encourage personal initiative -technical change - free market- Adam Smith Agricultural- rural proletarians -cottage workers and laborers -enclosure acts- made them mobile
What was the first factory and what luxuries were made?
Bigger machines-need more room-large buildings where people produced goods
First- cotton
Body linen
Employ foundlings
What are some of the inventions that helped with early industrialization?
Cotton gin
Cotton spinning jenny
Water-frame
Power loom
Describe the Cotton gin.
Invented by Eli Whitney (American)
Patton- 1792
Comb out the cotton seeds
Made it cheaper
Describe the Cotton Spinning Jenny.
Invented by Hargreaves- 1765 Inspiration- -not enough thread -tons of cotton, not enough people Description -6-24 spindles -sliding carriage -better/more efficient
Describe the Water-Frame.
Invented by Arkwright Acquired a capacity of several hundred spindles Use water power Required large mills -factories by the river Powers the spinning Coarse, thick thread
Describe the Power Loom.
Invented by Cartwright
Allowed body linen to be widely purchased
Why were families hired together?
They came from the cottage industry and were all used to working together. They supplied people to the factories. There was also no other place to put the children.
Who did factories get to work in early textile factories?
They made deals with local officials to commission foundling children
- “apprenticed”
- housed, fed, and locked up there
- dorms and work houses
- harshly exploited
What were the consequences of the changes in the textile industry?
Cotton goods become much cheaper -body linen-underwear -all classes Helped cottage industry -easy to find thread and yarn Weavers wages rose sharply -agriculture workers leave to become one Water power to steam Bad children treatments Factories Workers are disciplined Bad conditions
What was the importance of the railroads?
IMPORTANCE…
Transformed economy, society, and culture
First one was from London to Manchester- The Rocket
Reduced the cost of over land travel
-increased “nation”- national markets created
The Rocket- Stephenson
-fast- 16mph
Demand for unskilled workers-urban working class
Who build it? rural laborers (farmers) and peasants
Places?
Connecting markets and factories
What was the result of the railroads creating national markets?
National connection
Nationalism starting
What were steam engines first used for?
Pumping water out of coal mines
What was the FIRST major breakthrough in energy and power?
Newcomen
1st primitive steam engine
Used in mines
Successful, but inefficient
What did James Watt do?
Scottish
Improve Newcomen’s steam engine
Critically studied it- add a separate condenser
What was the importance of Watt’s steam engine?
Hallmark of industrialization
Part of the revolution that transformed wood burning into coal
Transportation and manufacturing were revolutionized
Convert coal into energy
Why was the British industrial development held back?
Energy issues
Running out of the wood they needed for heat, housing, and iron
How did geography explain Britain’s early industrial development?
Located all around water and rivers, making shipping easy. They had available resources of coal and iron too.
What was the Crystal Palace?
Britain
Used to show off Britain’s superiority at the Great Exhibition/ Industrial Fair
Built completely out of iron and glass
How much of the worlds output did Britain supply in total and in coal during the early industrialization?
20%- of the world’s output
2/3- of the coal
What was the Combination Act 1799?
Britain No unions or strikes Attack monopolies, guilds, and groups Disregarded by the people -form unions -strike Repealed
What was the Factory Act 1833?
Controls on child labor
9-13- 8 hours
14-18- 12 hours
Under 9- must receive education
What was the Mines Act of 1842?
No women or buys under the age of 10 are to work in underground labor
Who are William and John Cockerill?
They spilled British secrets and allowed Belgium to take the first steps of industrialization for Continental Europe
What is the importance and unions and when/how did they improve in Britain?
1820-Purchasing power started to really go up
Unions…
Workers gain more benefits
Work together
-strike, need change, more money
Allowed present day middle class to get better
How was work different between the cottage industry and the factories?
The Cottage Industry was used to... Days off and breaks No direct work hours Self-regulated Complete family
Factories…
Rules and discipline
Time schedule for arrival and bathroom
Many regulations
What allowed continental banks to become more “liberal”?
Establish themselves as corporations
-Limited liability- only lose original investment
Took away fear in supporting new industries
Continental-help the people
Who are the Amalgamated Society of Engineers?
Skilled union of workers that are very hard to replace
Why was it difficult for European economies to compete with Britain?
- Napoleonic Wars- devastated
- Britain had cheap goods that the people wanted to buy
- Britain tried to keep technology secret
- Landed aristocracy did not want to lose power
Who was Malthus?
Population will always tend to go faster than the food supply
Must limit population with late marriage
Who was Ricardo?
Iron Law of Wages- the wages would always sink to subsistence level due to population pressure
Only enough to keep us from starving
Who was Engels?
Hate the Middle Class
- accuse of mass murder
- accuse of robbery
- other crimes in calender
- culprit- industrial capitalism
STUDY NOTE CARDS!
DO IT!
What was the Saddler Commission?
Interviewed factory workers
Want reform
Worked through parliament to get laws passed
British
