Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 228: Microbiology > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the digestive tract consist of?

A

The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What (general) prevents the colonization by pathogens?

A

The constant movement of materials through the gastrointestinal canal, the protective layer of mucus, the normal microbiota, and the harsh chemical environment in the stomach and small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

IMAGE IN SLIDES*

A

Nov. 29

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can infections or microbial toxins of the oral cavity cause?

A

Tooth decay, periodontal disease, and various types of ulcers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What symptoms are caused by infections and intoxications of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can localized inflammation of the GI tract result in?

A

Gastritis, enteritis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, or colitis, and damage to epithelial cells of the colon can lead to dysentery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is foodborne illness?

A

Infections or intoxications that originate with pathogens or toxins ingested in contaminated food or water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are dental caries, tartar, and gingivitis caused by?

A

Overgrowth of oral bacteria, usually Streptococcus and Actinomyces species, as a result of insufficient dental hygiene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens as gingivitis worsens?

A

Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, and Actinomyces species spread and cause periodontitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to gingivitis when Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium species, and Treponema vicentii are involved?

A

Can lead to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is herpes type 1?

A

Can cause lesions of the mouth and throat called herpetic gingivostomatitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is oral thrush?

A

A mouth fungal infection caused by overgrowth of Candida yeast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are mumps?

A

A viral mouth infection of the salivary glands caused by the mumps virus, a paramyxovirus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the steps of an infection?

A

The microbial agent is ingested -> colonizes the gut -> produces toxins that damage host cells.
- Symptoms: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever
- Person to person transmission
- Slower incubation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the steps of intoxication?

A

Bacteria produce toxins in the food before it is ingested.
- Symptoms: vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, weakness, resp. failure, numbness, sensory/motor dysfunction
- Not communicable
- Rapid incubation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is staphylococcal food poisoning?

A

One form of food intoxication. When Staphylococcus aureus grows in food, it may produce enterotoxins that, when ingested, can cause symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, cramping, and vomiting within one to six hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are enterotoxins?

A

The enterotoxins are proteins that are resistant to low pH, allowing them to pass through the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the major causes of gastrointestinal illness?

A

Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Bacillus cereus, and Yersinia bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)?

A

Can be spread from hand to mouth or through contaminated food and water. Most commonly, it is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
Shigella dysenteriae → Shiga toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms of Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)?

A

Stomach cramps, fever, and watery diarrhea that may also contain pus, mucus, and/or blood often develop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are two nosocomial diseases that affect the GI tract?

A

C. difficile and antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

22
Q

What is Vibrio cholerae?

A

Causes cholera, which can be a severe diarrheal illness. V. cholerae is killed by stomach acid relatively large doses are needed for a few microbial cells to survive to reach the intestines and cause infection. As the water and electrolytes leave the body, it causes rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Diarrhea is so profuse that it is often called “rice water stool”.

23
Q

What is rice water stool connected to?

A

V. cholerae

24
Q

What is Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) or traveler’s diarrhea?

A

Following ingestion of contaminated food or water, infected individuals develop a watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, malaise (a feeling of being unwell), and a low fever. ETEC produces a heat-stable enterotoxin similar to cholera toxin, and adhesins called colonization factors that help the bacteria to attach to the intestinal wall.

25
Q

What is Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)?

A

It has a shiga toxin (genes originated from Shigella dysenteriae). Prophage from a bacteriophage that previously infected Shigella integrated into the chromosome of E. coli.
Symptoms include bloody diarrhea with severe cramping, but no fever. Although it is often self-limiting, it can lead to hemorrhagic colitis and profuse bleeding.

26
Q

What bacteria is associated with peptic ulcers?

A

H. pylori

27
Q

What does Salmonella enterica cause?

A

Gastroenteritis

28
Q

What are common symptoms of gastroenteritis?

A

Fever, nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, headache, and diarrhea

29
Q

What is a serotype?

A

A distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus.

29
Q

What are the two most common serotypes of S. enterica?

A

Enteritidis and Typhi

30
Q

What can Typhi cause?

A

Typhoid fever

31
Q

What are the symptoms of typhoid fever?

A

High fever, body aches, headache, nausea, lethargy, and possible rash.

32
Q

How is an S. enterica infection caused?

A

Ingestion of contaminated food, handling of eggshells, or exposure to certain animals (poultry).

33
Q

What is S. typhi’s process through the body?

A

Penetrate the intestinal mucosa, grow within the macrophages, and are transported through the body, most notably to the liver and gallbladder.
The bacteria can be cultured from feces, urine, blood, or bone marrow.

34
Q

How are these infections treated?

A
  • Rehydration and other supportive therapies are often used as general treatments.
  • Careful antibiotic use is required to reduce the risk of causing C. difficile infections and when treating antibiotic-resistant infections.
35
Q

What are the common viruses of gastroenteritis?

A

Rotaviruses, noroviruses, and astroviruses.

36
Q

How is rotavirus spread and what are the symptoms?

A

Primarily spread by the fecal-oral route.
Infected individuals exhibit fever vomiting, and diarrhea.

37
Q

How long does it take rotavirus to appear?

A

After an incubation period of about two days and lasts for approximately one week (three to eight days)

38
Q

How is norovirus spread and what are the signs and symptoms?

A

The signs and symptoms of norovirus infection are similar to those for rotavirus, with watery diarrhea, mild cramps, and fever. Additionally, these viruses sometimes cause projectile vomiting. These viruses are easily transmitted and highly contagious. They are known for causing widespread infections in groups of people in confined spaces.

39
Q

CHART OF HEPATITIS IN NOTES

A
40
Q

What intestinal infections are caused by protozoans?

A

Giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, amoebiasis, and cyclosporiasis

41
Q

How are protozoan intestinal infections transmitted?

A

Contaminated food and water.

42
Q

How does diagnosis of protozoan infection occur?

A

Microscopic examination of stool or biopsy specimens.

43
Q

CHART IN NOTES

A
44
Q

How are helminth infections transmitted and what are the signs and symptoms?

A

Helminths often cause intestinal infections after transmission to humans through exposure to contaminated soil, water, or food. Signs and symptoms are often mild, but severe complications may develop in some cases.

45
Q

What is the process of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs (soil)?

A

Are transmitted through contaminated food or water and hatch in the intestine.
Juvenile larvae travel to the lungs and then to the pharynx, where they are swallowed and returned to the intestines to mature. These nematode roundworms cause ascariasis. Ascariasis is self-limiting but can last one to two years because the worms can inhibit the body’s inflammatory.

46
Q

What is the process of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale cause hookworm infection?

A

When larvae penetrate the skin from soil contaminated by dog or cat feces. They travel to the lungs through vein circulation and are then swallowed to mature in the intestines.

47
Q

How are Enterobius vermicularis are nematode pinworms transmitted?

A

The fecal-oral route. After ingestion, they travel to the colon where they cause enterobiasis.

48
Q

What are the three ways of diagnosis for E. vermicularis?

A

The worms emerge at night to lay eggs, it is possible to inspect the perianal region for worms while an individual is asleep. An alternative
is to use transparent tape to remove eggs from the area around the anus first thing in the morning for three days to yield eggs for microscopic examination. Finally, it may be possible to detect eggs through examination of samples from under the fingernails, where eggs may lodge due to scratching.

49
Q

What is the process of Trichuris trichiura?

A

Can be transmitted through soil or fecal contamination and cause trichuriasis. After ingestion, the eggs travel to the intestine where the larvae emerge and mature, attaching to the walls of the colon and cecum.

50
Q

How is Trichinella spp. transmitted?

A

Through undercooked meat. Larvae in the meat emerge from cysts and mature in the large intestine. They can migrate to the muscles and form new cysts, causing trichinosis.

51
Q

What are Taenia spp. and Diphyllobothrium latum (tapeworms)?

A

Transmitted through undercooked food or the fecal-oral route. Taenia infections cause taeniasis. Tapeworms use their scolex to attach to the intestinal wall. Larvae may also move to muscle or brain tissue.

Biology 228: Microbiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions