Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The science underlying public health.
Includes etiology (study of causes of disease) and investigation of disease transmission.

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2
Q

What is morbidity?

A

Being in a state of illness.

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3
Q

What is mortality?

A

Death

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4
Q

What is the difference between morbidity rates and mortality rates?

A

Morbidity: Incidence per population
Mortality: Deaths per population

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5
Q

What is incidence?

A

The number of new cases (morbidity or mortality), usually expressed as a proportion, during a specified time period.

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6
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The number of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time., again usually expressed as a proportion.

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7
Q

What are sporadic diseases?

A

Only occur rarely and largely without a geographic focus.

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8
Q

What are endemic diseases?

A

Occur at a constant (and often low) level within a population.

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9
Q

What are epidemic diseases and pandemic diseases?

A

Occur when an outbreak occurs on a significantly larger than expected level, either locally or globally.

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10
Q

What are notifiable diseases?

A

Updates are published weekly regarding the morbidity and mortality rates.

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11
Q

What are observational studies?

A

Only able to measure associations between disease occurrence and possible causative agents; do not necessarily prove a causal relationship.

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12
Q

What are experimental studies?

A

Uses laboratory or clinical studies in which the investigator manipulates the study subjects to study the connections between diseases and potential causative agents or to assess treatments.

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13
Q

What are descriptive epidemiology studies?

A

Rely on case analysis and patient histories to gain information about outbreaks, frequently while they are still occurring.

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14
Q

What are retrospective epidemiology studies?

A

Use historical data to identify associations with the disease state of present cases.

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15
Q

What are prospective epidemiology studies?

A

Gather data and follow cases to find associations with future disease.

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16
Q

What are analytical epidemiology studies?

A

They are observational studies that are carefully designed to compare groups and uncover associations between environmental or genetic factors and disease.

17
Q

What are experimental epidemiology studies?

A

Generate strong evidence of causation in disease or treatment by manipulating subjects and comparing them with control subjects.

18
Q

What are the four modes of disease transmission?

A
  • Reservoirs
  • Vehicle transmission
  • Vector
  • Direct and indirect contact
19
Q

What are reservoirs?

A

The human and animal populations, soil, water, and inanimate objects or materials, in which the infectious agent lives, multiplies and reproduces.

20
Q

Active carrier versus passive carrier?

A

Active: have the disease themselves
Passive: just carries the disease, doesn’t have it.

21
Q

Asymptomatic carrier versus symptomatic carrier?

A

Both active so the individual has the disease, but one shows symptoms, and the other does not.

22
Q

What is vehicle transmission?

A

Occurs when a substance, such as soil, water, or air, carries an infectious agent to a new host.

23
Q

What are Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) or nosocomial infections?

A

Acquired in a clinical setting.
Transmission is facilitated by medical interventions and the high concentration of susceptible, immunocompromised individuals in clinical settings.

24
Q

What is the World Health Organization (WHO) in charge of?

A

It is an agency of the United Nations that collects and analyzes data on disease occurrence from member nations. WHO also coordinates public health programs and responses to international health emergencies.

25
Q

What are emerging diseases?

A

Diseases that are new to human populations or that have been increasing in the past two decades.

26
Q

What are reemerging diseases?

A

Those that are making a resurgence in susceptible populations after previously having been controlled in some geographic areas.

27
Q

Sign vs Symptom vs Syndrome.

A
28
Q

Infection versus disease.

A
29
Q

Nosocomial and iatrogenic.

A
30
Q

Pathogenicity versus Virulence.

A
31
Q

Describe Exposure, adhesion, invasion, infection, transmission.

A
32
Q

Virulence factors.

A
33
Q

Exoenzymes are classified according to the macromolecule they target.

A
34
Q

Endotoxin vs Exotoxin

A