Chapter 22

Question 1

What does the epiglottis do?

Answer 1

Divides the respiratory tract into upper and lower regions.

Question 2

What path does air follow if the respiratory tract?

Answer 2

Nasal cavity and mouth → the
pharynx → Epiglottis → (The lower respiratory tract) the larynx → the trachea → branching into the bronchi → divide further to form the bronchioles → terminate in alveoli (where gas exchange occurs)

Question 3

KNOW ANATOMY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY AND INNER EAR

Answer 3

SLIDE 3 CHAPTER 20

Question 4

What does the inner lining of the respiratory system consist of?

Answer 4

Mucous membranes and is protected by multiple immune defenses.

Question 5

What do goblet cells do?

Answer 5

Within the respiratory epithelium secrete a layer of sticky mucus. The viscosity and acidity of this secretion inhibits microbial attachment to the underlying cells.

Question 6

What to ciliated epithelial cells do?

Answer 6

The beating cilia dislodge and propel the mucus, and any trapped microbes, upward to the epiglottis, where they will be swallowed. Elimination of microbes in this manner is referred to as the mucociliary escalator effect.

Question 7

KNOW ANATOMY OF LOWER RESPIRATORY

Answer 7

SLIDE 6 CHAPTER 20

Question 8

What is the upper respiratory under constant surveillance by?

Answer 8

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), including the adenoids and tonsils.

Question 9

What are other mucosal defenses of the respiratory system?

Answer 9

Antibodies (IgA), lysozyme, surfactant, and antimicrobial peptides called defensins.

Question 10

What is the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 10

Colonized by an extensive and diverse normal microbiota, many of which are potential pathogens.

Question 11

What is the normal microbiota of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 11

Few microbial inhabitants.
May be transients.

Question 12

What may members of the normal microbiota do?

Answer 12

Cause opportunistic infections, using a variety of strategies to overcome innate nonspecific defenses (including the mucociliary escalator) and adaptive specific defenses of the respiratory system.

Question 13

What is a laryngoscope?

Answer 13

Inserted down throat to gain a view of the throat.

Question 14

What are signs and symptoms of a respiratory infection?

Answer 14

Most respiratory infections result in inflammation of the infected tissues; these conditions are given names ending in -itis, such as rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis.

Question 15

What pathogen causes strep throat?

Answer 15

Streptococcus pyogenes.

Question 16

What are the common signs and symptoms of strep throat?

Answer 16

• high fever (>38°C)
• intense odynophagia
• erythema associated with pharyngitis
• Dark-red tonsillitis often dotted with patches of pus and petechiae (microcapillary hemorrhages) on the soft or hard palate (roof of the mouth)
• Can lead to scarlet fever, acute rheumatic fever, and acute glomerulonephritis.

Question 17

What causes acute otitis media (AOM), an infection of the middle ear?

Answer 17

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

Question 18

What are common signs and symptoms of AOM?

Answer 18

• Eustachian tubes blocking → leading to otitis media with effusion.
• AOM is characterized by the formation and accumulation of pus in the middle ear.
• Bulging of the tympanic membrane and otalgia (ear pain).
• Fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Question 19

What are some other respiratory diseases?

Answer 19

Tonsilitis, Scarlett fever, Rheumatic mitral valve (with stenosis).

Question 20

What is diphtheria?

Answer 20

The bacteria produce exotoxins that kill cells in the pharynx, leading to the formation of a pseudomembrane; and damage other parts of the body.

Question 21

What bacteria is diphtheria caused by?

Answer 21

Corynebacterium

Question 22

What are the types of pneumonia?

Answer 22

Bacterial pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydial pneumonia, several other bacteria can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals and those with cystic fibrosis.

Question 23

What causes bacterial pneumonia?

Answer 23

Bacterial pneumonia results from infections that cause inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. It is most commonly caused by S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae. The former is commonly multidrug resistant.

Question 24

What causes mycoplasma pneumonia?

Answer 24

Mycoplasma pneumonia results from infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae; it can spread quickly, but the disease is mild and self-limiting.

Question 25

What causes chlamydial pneumonia?

Answer 25

Chlamydial pneumonia can be caused by three pathogens that are obligate intracellular parasites. Chlamydophila pneumoniae is typically transmitted from an infected person, whereas C. psittaci is typically transmitted from an infected bird. Chlamydia trachomatis may cause pneumonia in infants.

Question 26

What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 26

Swollen bronchiole, air space filled with fluid, inflammation in the alveolar wall.

Question 27

What bacteria is Tuberculosis caused by?

Answer 27

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Question 28

What happens when an individual has tuberculosis?

Answer 28

Infection leads to the production of protective tubercles in the alveoli and calcified Ghon complexes that can harbor the bacteria for a long time. Antibiotic-resistant forms are common, and treatment is typically long term.
- Immune cells form a barrier shell around the tubercule bacilli, called a granuloma.

Question 29

What bacteria is pertussis caused by?

Answer 29

Bordetella pertussis.

Question 30

What is Pertussis?

Answer 30

Mucus accumulation in the lungs leads to prolonged severe coughing episodes (whooping cough) that facilitate transmission. Despite an available vaccine, outbreaks are still common.

Question 31

What bacteria causes Legionnaires disease?

Answer 31

Caused by infection from environmental reservoirs of the Legionella pneumophila bacterium.

Question 32

What is Legionnaires disease?

Answer 32

The bacterium is endocytic within macrophages and infection can lead to pneumonia, particularly among immunocompromised individuals.

Question 33

What bacteria causes Q fever?

Answer 33

Coxiella burnetii, whose primary hosts are domesticated mammals (zoonotic disease).

Question 34

What is Q fever?

Answer 34

It causes pneumonia primarily in farm workers and can lead to serious complications, such as endocarditis.

Question 35

What is the relationship between viruses and the respiratory tract?

Answer 35

Viruses cause respiratory tract infections more frequently than bacteria, and most viral infections lead to mild symptoms.

Question 36

What are the typical common cold viruses?

Answer 36

The common cold can be caused by more than 200 viruses, typically rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses, transmitted by direct contact, aerosols, or environmental surfaces.

Question 37

How does the common cold mutate?

Answer 37

Antigenic drift and antigenic shift.

Question 38

What are the signs and symptoms of the common cold?

Answer 38

• This produces common signs and symptoms such as nasal secretions (runny nose), congestion, sore throat, coughing, and sneezing.
• The absence of high fever is typically used to differentiate common colds from other viral infections, like influenza

Question 39

What can a complication cause?

Answer 39

Reye syndrome

Question 40

What is Reye syndrome and who does it more commonly appear in?

Answer 40

Swelling in the liver and brain, and may progress to neurological damage, coma, or death.
Primarily in children and teenagers.

Question 41

What are the differences between the common cold and influenza?

Answer 41

Common cold: low fever, common headache, mild aches and pains, slight fatigue, common nasal congestion, common sneezing.
Influenza: high fever, common headache, severe aches and pains, severe fatigue, rare nasal congestion, rare sneezing.