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Biology 228: Microbiology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of physical defenses?

A

Physical barriers and mechanical defenses.

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2
Q

What are some examples of physical barriers?

A
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • Skin
  • Cell junctions
  • Endothelia
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3
Q

What are mucociliary escalators?

A

Mucous covered fibers that trap viruses from entering the body.

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4
Q

How does the skin act as a physical barrier?

A

Dead cells trap microbes and can remove them from the body by being rubbed off.

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5
Q

How do cell junctions act as physical barriers?

A

Really tight junctions of cells that block the entrance of microbes.

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6
Q

How do endothelia act as physical barriers?

A

Cells in blood vessels that are super tight to block things from getting into the blood and blood vessels.

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7
Q

What are mechanical defenses?

A

Microbes trapped are removed from the body by mechanical actions (shedding of skin cells, mucociliary sweeping, coughing, peristalsis, and flushing of bodily fluids).

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8
Q

What does the resident microbiota (microbiome) do?

A

Provide a physical defense by occupying available cellular binding sites and competing with pathogens for available nutrients.

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9
Q

What are the types of chemical defenses?

A

Chemicals and enzymes in body fluids, antimicrobial peptides, plasma protein mediators, cytokines, inflammation-eliciting mediators.

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10
Q

What are some examples of body fluids that act as chemical defenses?

A

Sebum, saliva, mucus, gastric and intestinal fluids, urine, tears, cerumen, and vaginal secretions.

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11
Q

What do antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) do?

A

Found on the skin and in other areas of the body are largely produced in response to the presence of pathogens (Dermcidin,
cathelicidin, defensins, histatins, and bacteriocins.)

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12
Q

What are plasma protein mediators?

A

Plasma contains various proteins that serve as chemical mediators, including acute-phase proteins, COMPLIMENT PROTEINS, and cytokines.

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13
Q

What do compliment proteins do?

A

Directly kill bacteria or mark them to be killed by other cells.

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14
Q

How does the compliment system work?

A

Numerous precursor proteins that circulate in plasma. These proteins become activated in a cascading sequence in the presence of microbes, resulting in the opsonization of pathogens, chemoattraction of leukocytes, induction of inflammation, and cytolysis through the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC).

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15
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins that facilitate various nonspecific responses by innate immune cells, including the production of other chemical mediators, cell proliferation, cell death, and differentiation.

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16
Q

What do cytokines play a key role in?

A

Inflammatory response (phase proteins, histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and bradykinin).

17
Q

What are the different types of blood cells?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Plasma
  • Platelets
18
Q

What are the types of cells for innate immunity?

A

Basophil, NEUTROPHIL, eosinophil, monocyte -> macrophage

19
Q

What are the types of cells for adaptive immunity?

A
  • Natural killer cells
    -Small lymphocyte
    - T lymphocyte
    - B lymphocyte
    - Plasma cell
20
Q

What are the two types of cellular defenses?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.

21
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Leukocytes characterized by a lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm. These include neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils, and basophils.

22
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils are the leukocytes found in the largest numbers in the bloodstream and they primarily fight bacterial infections.

23
Q

What are eosinophils and basophils?

A

Eosinophils target parasitic infections. Eosinophils and basophils are involved in allergic reactions. Both release histamine and other proinflammatory.

24
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

Natural killer cells.

25
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Lymphocytes that recognize and kill abnormal or infected cells by releasing proteins that trigger apoptosis.

26
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Monocytes are large, mononuclear leukocytes that circulate in the bloodstream. They may leave the bloodstream and take up residence in body tissues, where they differentiate and become tissue-specific macrophages and dendritic cells.

27
Q

What is the difference between macrophages and dendritic cells?

A
28
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Phagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. These molecular structures are common to many groups of pathogenic microbes. Such structures are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

29
Q

What are common PAMPs?

A
  • peptidoglycan, found in bacterial cell walls;
  • flagellin, a protein found in bacterial flagella
  • lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria;
  • lipopeptides, molecules expressed by most bacteria; and
  • nucleic acids such as viral DNA or RNA.
30
Q

How does recognition take place?

A

Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) -> Binds to a pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the cell.

31
Q

What is transendothelial migration?

A

Extravasation of white blood cells from the bloodstream into infected tissue.

32
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Involves engulfing the pathogen, killing and digesting it within a phagolysosome, and then excreting undigested matter.

33
Q

What is the cause of inflammation?

A

Results from the collective response of chemical mediators and cellular defenses to an injury or infection.

34
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Erythema (redness), edema (swelling), heat, pain, and altered function.

35
Q

What is the cause of inflammation?

A

These largely result from innate responses that draw increased blood flow to the injured or infected tissue.

36
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Short lived and localized to the site of injury or infection.

37
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Occurs when the inflammatory resonse is unsuccessful and may result in the formation of granulomas (e.g., with tuberculosis) and scarring (e.g., with hepatitis C viral infections and liver cirrhosis).

38
Q

What is fever?

A

Fever is a system-wide sign of inflammation that raises the body temperature and stimulates the immune response.

39
Q

What is the concern with fever and inflammation?

A

Both fever and inflammation can be harmful if the inflammatory response is too severe.

Biology 228: Microbiology (20 decks)

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