Chapter 23: The New Era; The 1920s Flashcards

1
Q

Warren Harding

A

Republican nominee for president WWI

~Who was elected in a landslide

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2
Q

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

A

Increase in tariff rates during the presidency of Warren Harding

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3
Q

Teapot Dome Scandal

A

Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall caused this during Harding’s presidency
~Fall had accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming
~Harding died soon after the scandal broke

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4
Q

Calvin Coolidge

A

Harding’s Vice President and successor who won based on popularity in 1919 for Massachusetts governor
~Called “silent cal”
~Re-nominated in 1924 after only a year in office after Harding’s death

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5
Q

Herbert Hoover

A

Republican nominee in the Election of 1928 after Coolidge refused to run again
~Served under 3 presidents (Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge)
~Promised to extend “Coolidge prosperity”

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6
Q

Alfred Smith

A

Hoover’s Democratic opponent and governor of New York
~Roman Catholic and an opponent of Prohibition, was popular amongst immigrants in the cities
~Many Protestants were openly prejudiced against him

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7
Q

Henry Ford

A

Automobile manufacturer in America

~Perfected the assembly line

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8
Q

Open Shop

A

Means of keeping jobs open to non union workers were practiced by many companies in the 20s

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9
Q

Charles Lindbergh

A

A young aviator who in 1927 thrilled the nation and the entire world by flying nonstop across the Atlantic from Long Island to Paris
~Americans listened to the radio for news of his flight
~Welcomed his return to the U.S. with ticker parades larger than the welcome given to the returning soldiers of WWI

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10
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian psychiatrist who stressed the role of sexual repression in mental illness

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11
Q

Margaret Sanger

A

Advocate of birth control in the 1920s

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12
Q

Flappers

A

Young women influenced by the movie stars at the time
~Wore dresses hemmed at the knee instead of the ankle
~Bobbed their hair
~Smoked cigarettes
~Drove cars

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13
Q

Modernism

A

A large number of Protestants that defined their faith in new ways
~Caused a range of influences: the changing role of women, the Social Gospel movement, and scientific knowledge
~Took a historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin’s Theory of Evolution without abandoning their religious faith

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14
Q

Fundamentalism

A

A group of Protestant preachers in rural areas who condemned the modernists
~Taught that every word of the Bible must be accepted as literally true
~Key point was that creationism explained the origin of all life
~Blamed the liberal view of modernists for the decline of morals

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15
Q

“The Lost Generation”

A

Writers who scorned religion as hypocritical and bitterly condemned the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetuated by money interests were the dominant themes of the leading writers
~F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Eugene O’Neill
~Took up drinking or moved to Europe

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16
Q

Functionalism

A

Form follows function

~Used by many architects in building a series of skyscrapers with little decor

17
Q

Harlem Renaissance

A

In 1920, with a population of almost 200,000 Harlem became famous for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians and writers
~So promising was their artistic achievement that it was referred to as the Harlem Renaissance
~Saw poets and musicians as well as the UNIA

18
Q

Marcus Garvey

A

Brought the United Negro Improvement Association from Jamaica into Harlem
~Advocated individual and racial pride for ideas of black nationalism
~His sale of stock in the Black Star Steamship Line led to federal charges of fraud
~He was tried, convicted, jailed and deported

19
Q

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A

A group who advocated individual and racial pride for African Americans
~Brought from Jamaica to Harlem by Marcus Garvey
~Collapsed when he was deported

20
Q

Scopes Trial

A

When biology teacher John Scopes of Tennessee taught Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and was tried for it in court
~Scopes was directed by the American Civil Liberties Union to teach the theory although it was illegal to do so in Tennessee
~Trial was followed nationwide and Scopes was represented by the famous lawyer, Clarence Darrow
~Fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan testified for the prosecution as an expert on the Bible, however, Darrow made him look like a fool through cross-examination
~Darrow and modernists successfully discredited fundamentalism

21
Q

Clarence Darrow

A

Famous lawyer who represented John Scopes

~Thoroughly discredited fundamentalism in his defense of John Scopes

22
Q

18th Amendment

A

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages including: liquors, wines, and beer
~Led the Prohibition era as well as an era where temperance police ran rampant
~Also led to an era of defiance
~People drank at home, as well as at at speakeasies where bootleg (smuggled liquor) was sold
~People paid off officials, even President Harding served liquor to guests

23
Q

Al Capone

A

A Chicago gangster who fought for control of the bootlegging trade

24
Q

21st Amendment

A

Repealed the 18th Amendment

25
Q

Quota Act of 1921

A

Limited immigration to 3% of the number of foreign born persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 census
~A maximum of 357,000

26
Q

Quota Act of 1924

A

A second Quota Act passed to ensure that the law would discriminate against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
~Set quotas of 2% based on the Census of 1890
~Chiefly restricted the “undesirables”

27
Q

Sacco and Vanzetti

A

Convicted in 1921 of committing robbery and murder in Massachusetts
~Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants
~Liberals protested that the two men were innocent and were only accused and sentenced to die, simply because they were poor Italians and anarchists
~Executed in 1927

28
Q

Washington Conference (1921)

A

Ran by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes to talk about resolution of problems in the Pacific
~Representatives from: Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal
~Three agreements came to fruition:
1. Five-Power Treaty: Nations with the 5 largest navies agreed to maintain the following ratio with respect to their largest warships: U.S. 5, G.B. 5, JP 3, FR 1.67, IT 1.67. Britain and the U.S. agreed not to fortify their possessions in the Pacific
2. Four-Power Treaty: The U.S., France, Britain, and Japan agreed to respect one another’s territory in the Pacific
3. Nine-Power Treaty: All 9 nations represented at the conference agreed to respect the Open Door Policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China

29
Q

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A

Renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends
~Proved ineffective because:
1. Permitted defensive wars
2. Failed to provide for taking action against violators of the agreement

30
Q

Dawes Plan

A

Established a cycle of payments flowing from the United States to Germany, and from Germany to the Allies
~U.S. banks would lend Germany huge sums to rebuild its economy and pay reparations to Britain and France
~Britain and France would use reparation money to pay the U.S.