Chapter 21: The Progressive Era 1901-1918

Question 1

Pragmatism

Answer 1

The prevailing philosophy of romantic transcendentalism in America
~It enabled them to challenge fixed notions that stood in the way of reform

Question 2

Frederick Taylor

Answer 2

Started the scientific management system

~Discovered ways of organizing people in an efficient manner

Question 3

Lincoln Steffens

Answer 3

Wrote “The Shame of the Cities” (1904). Muckraker
~Caused a sensation by describing in detail the corrupt deals that characterized big city politics from Philadelphia to Minneapolis

Question 4

Theodore Dreiser

Answer 4

Wrote “The Financier” and “The Titan”. Muckraker

~Portrayed the advance and ruthlessness of an industrialist

Question 5

Ida Tarbell

Answer 5

Owned a magazine called ‘The History of the Standard Oil Company’
~Muckraking magazine

Question 6

Jacob Riis

Answer 6

Photojournalist who documented articles on tenement life

~Published “How the Other Half Lives” (1890)

Question 7

Australian Ballot

Answer 7

Ballots printed by the state and required voters to mark their choices secretly within the privacy of a curtained booth
~Stopped political party corruption concerning voting

Question 8

Direct Primary

Answer 8

The new system for bypassing politicians and placing the nomination process directly in the hands of the voters
~Method for nominating party candidates by majority vote

Question 9

Robert La Folette

Answer 9

Progressive governor of Wisconsin

~Introduced the direct primary system

Question 10

17th Amendment

Answer 10

Requires that all U.S. senators be elected by popular vote

~Adopted in 1913 by the federal government

Question 11

Initiative

Answer 11

Method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill

Question 12

Referendum

Answer 12

A method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on the ballot

Question 13

Recall

Answer 13

Enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote before that official’s term had expired

Question 14

Commission Plans

Answer 14

Voters elected the heads of city departments (fire, police, and sanitation) not just the mayor

Question 15

Theodore Roosevelt

Answer 15

Became president after President McKinley’s assassination
~Progressive president
~Responsible for the “square deal” as well as many other reforms

Question 16

“The Square Deal”

Answer 16

The deal that favored neither business nor laborer, but both
~Worked on a compromise that helped both parties
~Started by Theodore Roosevelt

Question 17

Anthracite Coal Mine Strike (1902)

Answer 17

On coal, many Americans feared that they would freeze that winter
~Roosevelt stepped in with is “Square Deal”

Question 18

Elkins Act (1903)

Answer 18

Gave the ICC greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers

Question 19

Hepburn Act (1906)

Answer 19

The commission (ICC) could fix “just and reasonable” rates for railroads

Question 20

“The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair

Answer 20

A muckraking book that described in horrifying detail the conditions in Chicago stockyards and the meat packing industry
~Led to improvements by Congress enacting two regulatory laws: The Pure Food and Drug Act and The Meat Inspection Act

Question 21

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Answer 21

Provided that federal inspectors visit meat packing plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation

Question 22

Newland Reclamation Act (1902)

Answer 22

A law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in Western States

Question 23

Pinochet-Ballinger Controversy

Answer 23

When Chief of the Forrest Service, Gifford Pinochet criticized Secretary of the Interior, Richard Ballinger
~Taft stood by his cabinet member and fired Pinochet for insubordination
~Conservatives applauded, Progressives protested

Question 24

William Howard Taft

Answer 24

Republican nominee for president after Roosevelt refused nomination
~Continued Roosevelt’s Progressive policies

Question 25

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

Answer 25

Gave the ICC the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph and cable companies

Question 26

16th Amendment

Answer 26

Gave the U.S. government to collect an income tax ~Approved by Progressives ~At first, the tax only applied to the wealthy ~Originally suggested by e Populists

Question 27

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

Answer 27

Raised the tariff on most imports | ~Angered Progressives in the Republican party

Question 28

Eugene Debs

Answer 28

One of the founders of the socialist party ~Former railroad union leader, jailed for Pullman Strike ~Presidential nominee in 5 elections

Question 29

Election of 1912

Answer 29

Dominated by reform efforts ~President Taft renominated, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Eugene Debs ~Came down to a battle between Roosevelt and Wilson ~Wilson won 435 electorals

Question 30

Bull Moose Party

Answer 30

Nickname given to the new Progressive party | ~Roosevelt claimed he was as strong as a Bull Moose

Question 31

New Nationalism

Answer 31

Roosevelt's basis for his campaign | ~More government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage, and more social welfare programs

Question 32

New Freedom

Answer 32

Wilson's basis for his campaign ~Limit both big business and big government, reform by ending corruption, and revival of competition by supporting small business

Question 33

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Answer 33

Substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years ~Included graduated income tax rate from 1-6%

Question 34

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

Answer 34

Americans use Federal Reserve Notes (dollar bills) to purchase goods and services

Question 35

Clayton Anti Trust Act (1914)

Answer 35

Generally strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Anti Trust Act for breaking up monopolies ~Contained a clause for exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts

Question 36

Federal Trade Commission

Answer 36

The new regulatory agency ~Empowered to investigate and take action against any "unfair trade practice" in every industry except banking and transportation

Question 37

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

Answer 37

12 regional banks established to provide farm loans at low interest rates

Question 38

Child Labor Act

Answer 38

Prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children under the age of 14 ~Supreme Court found this unconstitutional

Question 39

Niagara Movement

Answer 39

A program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks ~Started by W.E.B. Du Bois at Niagara Falls

Question 40

Booker T. Washington

Answer 40

Intellectual who argued that blacks need for education and economic progress were of utmost importance ~Said that only after establishing a secure economic base could African Americans hope to realize their other goal of political and social equality

Question 41

W.E.B. Du Bois

Answer 41

A distinguished scholar and writer. Criticized Washington's (Booker T.) approach and demand equal rights for African Americans ~Argued that political and social rights were a prerequisite to economic advancement

Question 42

NAACP

Answer 42

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ~Mission: to abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for African American children ~Started by W.E.B Du Bois

Question 43

Carrie Chapman Catt

Answer 43

President or the NAWSA group ~Argued for the vote as the broadening of democracy, which would empower women, thus enabling them to more actively care for their families in an industrial society

Question 44

NAWSA

Answer 44

National American Women's Suffrage Association ~Headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony taken over by Carrie Chapman Catt ~Fought for equal rights for women and the right to vote

Question 45

National Women's Party

Answer 45

A more militant approach to gaining the vote, started by Alice Paul ~Hunger strikes, pickets, and parades ~Focused on winning the support of Congress and the President for an amendment to the constitution ~Broke from NAWSA

Question 46

19th Amendment (1920)

Answer 46

Guarantees a women's right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national level

Question 47

League of Women Voters

Answer 47

Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt | ~A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about the candidates and the issues