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Human Physiology > Chapter 23 Endocrine Control of Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Endocrine Control of Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps in Cortisol synthesis?

A

hypothalamus –CRH–> anterior pituitary –ACTH–> adrenal cortex—–> cortisol

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2
Q

What does cortisol do to the immune system?

A

suppresses immune function

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3
Q

What does cortisol do to the liver?

A

gluconeogenesis

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4
Q

What does cortisol do to muscles?

A

protein catabolism

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5
Q

what does cortisol do to adipose tissue?

A

lipolysis

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6
Q

What stimulates cortisol synthesis?

A

ACTH

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7
Q

How is cortisol transported?

A

transported in the plasma to target cell which it diffuses into cells and binds to intracellular receptors that enter the nucleus and binds to DNA.

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8
Q

What does cortisol control?

A

gene expression

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9
Q

How does cortisol protect against hypoglycemia?

A

by promoting gluconeogenesis, breaking down skeletal muscle protein, enhancing lipolysis, suppressing immune function, causing calcium and bone matrix loss, causing mood changes and alters learning & memory.

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10
Q

What disease are associated with hypercortisolism?

A

Chushing’s syndrome (caused by pituitary tumor increasing ACTH)

(2ndary hypercortisolism)

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11
Q

What disease is associated with hypocorticolism?

A

Addison’s disease (caused by autoimmune disease of the adrenal cortex)

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12
Q

What is POMC and what does it produce?

A

a prohormone that produces ACTH & a-MSH

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13
Q

What does the hormone a-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) do?

A

Melanin synthesis, immune response and decrease food intake

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14
Q

Which melanocortin receptor is found in skin melanocytes and causes skin darkening?

A

MC1

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15
Q

Which melanocortin receptor is found in the adrenal cortex and stimulate cortisol secretion?

A

MC2

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16
Q

Which melanocortin receptor is found in the hypothalamus and inhibits feeding?

A

MC4

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17
Q

Which melanocortin receptor(s) respond to BOTH ACTH and MSH?

A

MC1 & MC4

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18
Q

Which melanocortin receptor only responds to ACTH and not MSH?

A

MC2

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19
Q

Which hormone(s) increase feeding?

A

ghrelin—–> neuropeptide Y

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20
Q

What hormone(s) decrease feeding?

A

a-MSH & Leptin

21
Q

What are the 6 steps involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3, T4)?

A
  1. Na+/I- symporter brings I- into the cell, then the Pendrin transporter moves I- into the colloid
  2. Follicular cell synthesizes enzymes & thyroglobulin for colloid
  3. Thyroid peroxidase adds I- to tyrosine making T3 & T4
  4. Thyroglobulin containing T3 & T4 is transported back into the follicular cell in vesicles
  5. Intracellular enzymes separate T3 & T4 from the protein
  6. Free T3 & T4 enter circulation
22
Q

How are thyroid hormones transported to target cells?

A

Thyroid hormones are hydrophobic transported in the plasma bound to globulin (not thyroglobulin) and bind to intracellular receptors in the nucleus to regulate gene expression

23
Q

What do thyroid hormones do in adults?

A

Increase oxygen consumption, generate heat and alter ion transport across cell and mitochondrial membranes

24
Q

What do thyroid hormone do in children?

A

facilitate growth hormone action, promote myelin and synapse formation

(thyroid hormones in children are needed for normal growth and development)

25
Q

What are consequences of hyperthyroidism?

A

increased oxygen consumption & heat production, protein breakdown & muscle weakness, rapid heartbeat and psychological effects

26
Q

What are consequences of hypothyroidism?

A

Slower oxygen consumption & intolerance of cold, decreased protein synthesis, slowed reflexes, speech & thought and slow heart rate (bradycardia)

27
Q

What are the steps in control of thyroid hormone release?

A

hypothalamus–TRH–> anterior pit.–TSH–> thyroid gland——–>T3 & T4

28
Q

What are the steps in the release of Growth Hormones?

A

circadian rhythm, stress & cortisol, and fasting———————-> hypothalamus–GHRH–> anterior pit.–GH–> liver–IGF—-> cartilage growth

29
Q

What hormones inhibit GH?

A

somatostatin & IGF (insulin-like growth factors)

30
Q

What are function of GH?

A

stimulates bone & tissue growth and increases blood glucose

31
Q

What is the function of the hormone IGF?

A

Cartilage growth

32
Q

What is the function of GH in children?

A

influences bone growth

33
Q

What will excess GH and GH deficiency cause in children?

A

excess GH–> gigantism

GH deficiency—> dwarfism

34
Q

What does excess GH in adults cause?

A

acromegaly

35
Q

What is the function of GH in adults?

A

acts on cartilage & soft tissue

36
Q

Where in the bone does bone growth occur?

A

epiphyseal plate

37
Q

When does bone growth stop?

A

sex hormones lead to inactivation of the epiphyseal plate following puberty

38
Q

What produced bone cartilage?

A

chondrocytes

39
Q

What is laid down on the collagen matrix?

A

calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)

40
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

collagen & proteoglycan

41
Q

Where is calcium taken up, eliminated and stored in?

A

taken up by intestine

eliminated by kidneys

stored in bone

42
Q

What are the roles of PTH, calcitriol, cortisol and calcitonin in bones?

A

PTH, calcitriol & cortisol release calcium from bone (osteoclastic activity)

Calcitonin = osteoblast activity (building bone)

43
Q

What is released when blood calcium levels are low?

A

PTH–Ca2+—> Kidney—calcitriol—> increases Ca2+ in distal nephron & intestine

44
Q

What is the 0.1% Ca2+ in the ECF essential for?

A

second messanger, tight junction integrity, blood coagulation and neuron polarization

45
Q

PTH stimulated calcitriol production in the _________.

A

kidney

46
Q

Which hormones are peptide hormones?

A

GH, calcitonin, PTH and IGF (insulin-like growth factor)

47
Q

Which hormones are steroid hormones?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, TH, and calcitriol (D3)

48
Q

What is bone reabsorption mediated by?

A

Osteoclasts

49
Q

What is bone deposition mediated by?

A

Osteoblasts

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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