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Human Physiology > Ch:21 Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch:21 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells are important in secretion and absorption in the digestive system?

A

Epithelial cells

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2
Q

What do secretions in the digestive system include?

A

Digestive enzymes, stomach acid, base to neutralize acid, and waste products.

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3
Q

What are the three phases of digestion?

A
  1. Cephalic phase (Mouth and esophagus)
  2. Gastric phase (Stomach)
  3. Intestinal phase (Small intestine)
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4
Q

What stimulates the cephalic phase?

A
  1. The anticipation of food

2. Food in the mouth

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5
Q

What 2 digestive enzymes are in saliva?

What are their functions?

A

Amylase- Breaks down starch

Lysozyme- Attacks bacteria

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6
Q

What are the 3 functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Storage
  2. Digestion
  3. Protection against bacteria & other pathogens
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7
Q

What does the stomach secrete?

A
  • HCl (parietal cells)
  • Pepsinogen & Gastric lipase (chief cells)
  • Mucus & Bicarbonate (surface mucous cells)
  • Gastrin (G cells)
  • Histamine (ECL cells)
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8
Q

What is digested in the stomach?

A

Mainly proteins but also minimal fats

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9
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

Lipid-soluble substances such as alcohol and aspirin

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10
Q

What type of motility is used in the stomach?

A

Peristaltic mixing & propulsion

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11
Q

What is digested in the mouth?

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

What is absorbed in the mouth?

A

Nothing

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13
Q

What type of motility is used in the mouth?

A

Chewing & Swallowing

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14
Q

What is secreted into the small intestine?

A
  • Enzymes (enterocytes)
  • Mucus (globlet cells)
  • Hormones (CCK, secretin, GIP)
  • Enzymes and Bicarbonate (exocrine pancreas)
  • Bile (liver, stored in gallbladder)
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15
Q

What is digested in the small intestine?

A

Polypeptides, carbs, fats & nucleic acids

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16
Q

What is absorbed in the small intestine?

A

-Amino Acids & small peptides

-Monosaccharides, Fatty acids, monoglycerides,
& cholesterol

-Nitrogenous bases, water, ions, minerals & vitamins

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17
Q

What type of motility is used in the small intestine?

A

Mixing & propulsion primarily by sedimentation

and some peristalsis

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18
Q

The small intestine receives secretions from the ______ & ________.

A

Liver & Pancreas

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19
Q

What does the liver secrete to the small intestine?

A

Bile

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20
Q

What does the pancreas secrete to the small intestine?

A

Bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

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21
Q

What is secreted into the Large intestine?

A

Mucus (goblet cells)

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22
Q

What is digested in the Large intestine?

A

Nothing (except by bacteria)

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23
Q

What is absorbed in the Large intestine?

A

ions, minerals, vitamins, water and small organic molecules made by gut bacteria

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24
Q

What type of motility is used in the Large intestine?

A

Segmental mixing & mass movement for propulsion

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25
Q

What is responsible for most of the digestion taking place in the Large intestine?

A

Gut bacteria

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26
Q

Where does absorption in the intestinal phase continue?

A

Large intestine

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27
Q

What are the 2 layers of the GI Tract Wall?

A
  1. Lumen of the digestive tract

2. Abdominal cavity

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28
Q

What are the 4 layers of the lumen in the digestive tract?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa
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29
Q

What type of tissue doe the Mucosa contain?

A

Epithelium, Lamina propria, & Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

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30
Q

What does the Submucosa contain?

A
  • Blood & lymph vessels

- Submucosal plexus (enteric nervous system)

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31
Q

What does the muscularis externa contain?

A
  • Circular & Longitudinal smooth muscle

- Myenteric plexus (enteric nervous system)

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32
Q

What are epithelia cells in the digestive system involved in?

A

Absorption & Secretion

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33
Q

Where is the leaky epithelia of the digestive system located and what type of pathway does it use?

A

Small intestine & paracellular pathway

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34
Q

Where is tight epithelial of the digestive system located?

A

Stomach & Colon

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35
Q

What is secreted from salivary glands?

A

Saliva (amylase, lipase)

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36
Q

What is secreted by the stomach?

A

HCl (parietal cells) & Pepsinogen (chief cells)

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37
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A 
sodium bicarbonate (duct cells) & digestive enzymes 
                                                              (acinar cells)
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38
Q

What does the liver secrete?

A

Bile (bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol)

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39
Q

What does the small intestine secrete?

A

NaCl (crypt cells) & digestive enzymes (brush border)

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40
Q

Where are parietal cells located?

A

gastric gland

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41
Q

What membrane of the parietal cell is the H+/K+ ATPase located on?

A

Apical membrane

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42
Q

Which membrane of the intestinal crypt cell is the NKCC symporter located?

A

Basolateral membrane on the serosal side (interstitial fluid)

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43
Q

Which membrane of the intestinal crypt cell is the CFTR Cl- channel located on?

A

Apical membrane on the lumenal side

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44
Q

How is water and Na+ transported through intestinal crypt cells into the lumen?

A

Paracellular & water leak

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45
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

A hereditary disease affecting exocrine cells resulting in THICK MUCUS

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46
Q

What causes Cystic Fibrosis?

A

a defective CFTR anion channel in airway epithelia

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47
Q

What are the consequence of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

persistant lung infections, lung damage and ultimately respiratory failure

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48
Q

What membrane of pancreatic duct cells is the Cl-/HCO3 antiporter & CFTR Cl- channel located on?

A

Apical membrane

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49
Q

What is the job of carbonic anhydrase in pancreatic duct cells?

A

To conver H2O & CO2 into HCO3 (bicarbonate)

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50
Q

How is Na+ transported across pancreatic duct cells into the lumen?

A

Paracellular Na+ leak

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51
Q

What does Acinar cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

digestive enzymes

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52
Q

What do duct cells in the pancreas secrete that enters the digestive tract?

A

NaHCO3

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53
Q

What do pancreatic islet cells secrete that enters the blood?

A

hormones

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54
Q

What portion of the pancreas does the pancreatic acini form?

A

the exocrine portion

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55
Q

What does the Common Hepatic Duct do?

A

transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder

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56
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Bile storage

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57
Q

What does the Hepatic Artery do?

A

transports oxygenated blood containing metabolites from peripheral tissues to the liver

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58
Q

What does the Hepatic Portal Vein contain and what does it transport?

A
  • rich in nutrients from the GI tract & hemoglobin byproducts from the spleen.
  • transports blood from the liver the liver
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59
Q

What is the function of the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

controls release of bile & pancreatic secretions into the duodenum

60
Q

What is the function of the Common Bile Duct?

A

transports bile from gallbladder to the lumen of the small intestine

61
Q

Bile is secreted from the liver by the ___________.

A

bile duct

62
Q

Bile is secreted from the liver to the _________ for storage.

A

gallbladder

63
Q

What are the 3 Endopeptidases and what organs secrete them?

A
  1. Pepsin (pepsinogen)
64
Q

What is the function of Endopeptidases?

A

digests INTERNAL peptide bonds into 2 smaller peptides

65
Q

What is the function of Exopeptidases?

A

digests TERMINAL peptide bonds to release amino acids

66
Q

What are the 2 Exopeptidases and what secretes them?

A
  1. Aminopeptidase

2. Carboxypeptidase

67
Q

What activates pepsidases?

A

Proteolysis

68
Q

What enzyme breaks down glycogen & starch into disaccharides?

A

Amylase

69
Q

What enzyme breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides?

A

Disaccharidase

70
Q

What enzyme breaks down maltose into 2 glucoses?

A

Maltase

71
Q

What enzyme breaks down sucrose into 1 glucose & 1 fructose?

A

Sucrase

72
Q

What enzyme breaks down lactose into 1 glucose & 1 galactose?

A

Lactase

73
Q

What are Triglycerides broken down into?

A

monoglycerides & free fatty acids

74
Q

What breaks down Triglycerides into monoglycerides?

A

Lipase

75
Q

What breaks down Triglycerides into free fatty acids?

A

Colipase

76
Q

What activates Trypsinogen and converts it to Trypsin?

A

Enteropeptidases in the brush border of the intestinal mucosa

77
Q

What activates Zymogens into activated enzymes?

A

Trypsin

78
Q

What are Zymogens?

A

Inactivated pancreatic secretions

79
Q

What are the 4 zymogens?

A
  1. Chymotrypsinogen
  2. Procarboxypeptidase
  3. Procolipase
    4 Prophospholipase
80
Q

What are the 4 activated enzymes produced from zymogens?

A
  1. Chymotrypsin
  2. Carboxypeptidase
  3. Colipase
  4. Phospholipase
81
Q

What is the role of villi in the intestine?

A

increase surface area

82
Q

What is the role of microvilli in the intestine?

A

to further increase surface area

83
Q

What do crypt cells secrete?

A

ions and water

84
Q

What is the function of enterocytes?

A

transport ions and nutrients

85
Q

What is the function of Goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucus

86
Q

What is the function of Lateals?

A

transport fats to lymph

87
Q

What is the function of stem cells?

A

to divide and replace damaged cells

88
Q

How is glucose absorbed in the small intestine?

A

glucose enters with Na+ on SGLT and exits on GLUT2

89
Q

How is fructose absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Fructose enters on GLUT5 and exits on GLUT2 (same as glucose)

90
Q

Where does glucose reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal tubule

91
Q

In the proximal tubule, glucose uses ________ transport on the _________ side & _________ transport on the __________ side.

A

Na+ linked transport—-> lumenal side

Facilitated transport—–> interstitial side

92
Q

What is the function of bile salts?

A

to emulsify lipids on the intestine

93
Q

What does fat + cholesterol form in the intestinal epithelium?

A

chylomicrons

94
Q

In the secretion of NaCl and water by the intestine _________________________________________.

A

Cl- is transported by the transcellular pathway

Na+ & water are transported by the paracellular pathway

95
Q

Bicarbonate is transported by ___________ cells.

A

duct cells in the pancreas

96
Q

Monoglycerides & fatty acids are absorbed in the intestine by ______________.

A

Simple diffusion

97
Q

What synthesizes pepsinogen and where is it synthesized?

A

Chief cells in the stomach

98
Q

Where does secretion and absorption occur?

A

Epithelia cells

99
Q

The stomach secretes HCl from ________cells.

A

Parietal cells

100
Q

The small intestine secretes NaCl from _____cells.

A

Crypt

101
Q

The pancreas secretes sodium bicarbonate from ________cells.

A

duct cells

102
Q

The liver produces ___________ which solubilize fats.

A

bile salts

103
Q

Endopeptidases, activated by ________, are secreted by the ________ (pepsin) and ________ (trypsin & chymotripsin)

A

Proteolysis

Stomach

Pancreas

104
Q

Fats are taken up and incorporated into _________ in the intestine.

A

chylomicrons

105
Q

What type of motility is used during and after a meal?

A

Peristalsis & Segmental contractions

106
Q

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmental contractions?

A

peristalsis moves a bolus of food in a forward direction

segmental contractions mixes the food with no net forward movement

107
Q

What type of motility is used in between meals?

A

Migrating motor complex

108
Q

What is the migrating motor complex?

A

contractions move slowly from the stomach to the large intestine taking about 90 min

109
Q

What mediates short reflexes?

A

Enteric nervous system

110
Q

What mediates long reflexes?

A

the Brain

111
Q

What hormones are in the Gastrin family?

A

Gastrin and CCK

112
Q

What does the hormone gastrin stimulate?

A

gastric acid (HCl)

113
Q

What does the hormone CCK stimulate?

A

pancreatic and bile secretion

114
Q

What hormones are apart of the Secretin family?

A

Secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)

115
Q

What does the hormone secretin do?

A

Stimulates bicarbonate release and inhibits gastric acid

116
Q

What does the hormone GIP do?

A

stimulates insulin release

117
Q

What does the hormone GLP do?

A

stimulates insulin release but also inhibits glucagon

118
Q

What does the hormone motilin do?

A

stimulates the migrating motor complex

119
Q

What organs does the cephalic phase include?

A

mouth (oral cavity) and esophagus

120
Q

What organ(s) does the gastric phase include?

A

stomach

121
Q

What organ initiates autonomic stimulation of the salivary glands and enteric nervous system of the cephalic phase?

A

Medulla

122
Q

Gastric function (secretion and motility) are under what type of control?

A

Reflex

123
Q

What stimulates gastric function?

A

parasympathetic system

124
Q

Which cells secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

125
Q

Which cells secrete histamine and what secretions does it promote?

A

ECL (enterochromaffin-like cells) and it promotes acid secretion

126
Q

What do Histamine H2 blockers inhibit and why?

A

HCl secretion to relieve stomach hyperacidity

127
Q

What hormone do G cells secrete?

A

gastrin

128
Q

What hormone do D cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

129
Q

What hormones do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsin(ogen) & Gastric lipase

130
Q

What hormones are secreted from the gastric gland?

A
  • mucus (mucous surface cell)
  • bicarbonate (mucous neck cell)
  • HCl & intrinsic factor (parietal cell)
  • Histamine (ECL cells)
  • Pepsin & gastric lipase (chief cells)
  • Somatostatin (D cells)
  • Gastrin (G cells)
131
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete and why?

A

mucus and bicarbonate to protect the stomach from self digestion

132
Q

What is the pH of the epithelial surface & lumen of the stomach?

A

epithelial surface=pH 7

lumen=pH 2

133
Q

What is the function of bicarbonate?

A

to neutralize acid

134
Q

Where does the short & long reflex of gastric function occur?

A

short- stomach (enteric nervous system)

long- central nervous system

135
Q

What initiates the short reflexes?

A

distension or peptides and amino acids in the stomach

136
Q

Which reflex is involved in stimulation of the medulla oblongata—> preganglionic parasympathetic neuron in vagus nerve—————->Enteric Plexus?

A

Long reflex

137
Q

Which reflex is involved in Enteric Plexus—-> postganglionic parasympathetic and intrinsic enteric neurons?

A

Short reflex

138
Q

Where do parasympathetic neurons project from and what are the parasympathetic ganglia closer to?

A

brains stem & bottom of spinal cord. ganglia is closer to the target

139
Q

Where do sympathetic neurons project from and what are the sympathetic ganglia closer to?

A

the middle of the spinal cord and ganglia is closer to the spinal cord

140
Q

What hormone does somatostatin inhibit?

A

growth hormone released by the anterior pit.

141
Q

Acetylcholine stimulates _____ secretion directly and indirectly by stimulating _______ & _________.

A
  1. HCl

2 & 3. gastrin and histamine

142
Q

Acetylcholine also stimulates _________ secretion by chief cells.

A

pepsinogen

143
Q

Intestinal signals stimulate __________ and inhibit __________.

A

stimulate pancreatic stimulation

inhibits stomach function

144
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

water

145
Q

What is in the large intestine that digests complex carbohydrates & proteins and produces vitamin K?

A

Colonic bacteria

146
Q

What is the function of the Hepatic portal vein?

A

conducts newly absorbed material to the liver for metabolism, storage or detoxification

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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