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Human Physiology > Ch:20 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Ch:20 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

Diuretic

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2
Q

What is the function of Diuretics?

A

Increase water excretion and are used to treat heart failure & hypertension

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3
Q

What is the function of loop diuretics?

Give an example (medication):

A

Inhibit reabsorption of Na+ in the ascending limb

eg. Lasix

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4
Q

What is the function of potassium sparing diuretics?

Give an example (medication):

A

Epithelial Na+ channel blockers of the collecting duct

eg. Amiloride

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5
Q

What is the function of osmotic diuretics?

Give an example (medication):

A

osmotic diuretics are filtered but no absorbed, which reduces water reabsorption.

eg. Mannitol

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6
Q

Which side is the basolateral membrane located on in epithelial cells?

A

Serosal side (interstitial fluid)

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7
Q

Which side is the apical membrane located on in epithelial cells?

A

Mucosal side (lumen)

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8
Q

Where is the Na+/K+ ATPase typically located?

A

Basolateral membrane

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9
Q

In the proximal tubule, ___1___ is transported out of the ____2____ and back to the _____3_____.

A
  1. Na+
  2. lumen
  3. blood
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10
Q

Which transporter is used to move Na+ from epithelial cells to the interstitial fluid?

A

ENaC (Na+ pump)

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11
Q

How is Na+ moved from the tubule lumen into epithelial cells?

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

What form of transport is used in glucose reabsorption on the lumenal side?

A

Na+ linked transport

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13
Q

What form of transport is used in glucose reabsorption on the serosal side?

A

Facilitated transport

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14
Q

How does glucose reabsorption differ from Na+ reabsorption?

A

Na+ reabsorption:

  • Lumenal side: diffusion
  • Serosal side: Na+ pump

Glucose reabsorption:

  • Lumenal side: Na+ linked transport
  • Serosal side: Facilitated diffusion
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15
Q

What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

A

receptor enzyme

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16
Q

What happens when insulin binds to the receptor?

A

phosphorylates intracellular proteins

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17
Q

What results from the phosphorylation of intracellular proteins after insulin binds to the receptor?

A

exocytosis of the glucose containing vesicles (GLUT4),

which allows glucose to enter the cell

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18
Q

What are the 4 steps regarding insulin receptors?

A
  1. insulin binds to receptor
  2. signal transduction cascade
  3. exocytosis
  4. glucose enters the cell
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19
Q

What form of transportation is used for organic anions on the lumenal side?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

What form of transportation is used for organic anions on the interstitial side?

A

OAT (organic anion transporter)

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21
Q

How does the transport of organic anions differ from glucose?

A

organic anions use facilitated diffusion on the lumenal side

glucose uses facilitated diffusion on the interstitial side

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22
Q

What transporter does “direct active transport” in the proximal tubule use?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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23
Q

What keeps Na+ concentrations low in the proximal tubule?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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24
Q

What transporter does “secondary indirect active transport” in the proximal tubule use?

A

Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter (NaDC)

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25
Q

What does Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter (NaDC) do and where does the energy used to accomplish this come from?

A

It concentrates a dicarboxylate in the cell using the energy stored in the Na+ gradient

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26
Q

What transporter does “tertiary indirect active transport” in the proximal tubule use?

A

The basolateral OAT (organic anion transporter)

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27
Q

What does OAT do and where does the energy used to accomplish this come from?

A

it concentrates organic anions in the cell using the energy stored in the dicarboxylate gradient

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28
Q

What 4 organic acids does the OAT secrete?

A

(BBSS)

  1. bile salts
  2. benzoate
  3. salicyate
  4. saccharine
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29
Q

What is the purpose of the NKCC symporter?

A

to recover Na+, K+, & Cl- driven by the Na+ concentration gradient

(NKCC) N=Na+ K=K+ C=Cl-

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30
Q

The ascending limb is impermeable to _________ so ________ is removed and osmolarity of the urine _____?

A
  1. water
  2. salt
  3. drops
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31
Q

Which diuretic is used to block the NKCC symporter in the Loop of Henle?

A

loop diuretic- Lasix (furosemide)

32
Q

Blocking the NKCC symporter using a loop diuretic will also lead to?

A

K+ loss

33
Q

What are the 4 steps associated with the reabsorption of salts in the Loop of Henle?

A
  1. High mOsm entering the ascending limb
  2. Reabsorption of salts
  3. Water cannot follow solute
  4. Low mOsm
34
Q

What transporter is used for reabsorption of salts in the loop of Henle?

A

NKCC symporter

35
Q

What transporter is used for reabsorption of salts in the collecting duct?

A

ENaC (epithelial Na+ channels)

36
Q

How is salt reabsorbed in the collecting duct?

A

Na+ is taken up by ENaC

37
Q

Which diuretic can be used to block salt reabsorption in the collecting duct?

A

potassium sparing diuretic (amiloride)

38
Q

Why is amiloride called the potassium sparing diuretic?

A

b.c. the loop diuretic (lasix) leads to loss of K+

39
Q

What are the 4 steps regarding salt reabsorption in the collecting duct?

A 
1. Aldosterone in the blood binds to the receptor in the            
   P cell (principal cell)
  1. Transcription—> mRNA
  2. New channels and pumps are incorporated into the
    P cell.
  3. New channels and pumps= K+ secreted into the lumen and Na+ is reabsorbed back into the blood
40
Q

What do diuretics do to blood pressure?

A

Lowers blood pressure by increasing water excretion

41
Q

So then what do antidiuretics do to blood pressure?

A

Raises blood pressure by increasing water reabsorption

42
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

43
Q

What is the function of vasopressin?

A

raise blood pressure by inserting aquaporins into the apical membrane of the collecting duct.

Aquaporin permits water reabsorption

44
Q

Where is vasopressin released from?

A

posterior pituitary

45
Q

Where is vasopressin synthesized?

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

What causes vasopressin to be synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary?

A
  • Decreased blood pressure
  • Decreased arterial stretch due to low blood volume
  • Osmolarity greater than 280 mOsM
47
Q

What does vasopressin act on?

A

collecting duct epithelium

48
Q

What type of hormone is aldosterone and where is it released from?

A

Steroid hormone

Adrenal Cortex

49
Q

What does aldosterone act on?

A

P-cells (principal cells)

50
Q

What does aldosterone modulate?

A

the activity of ENaC and Na+/K+ ATPase & increases their concentration in the cell membrane

51
Q

What does aldosterone promote?

A

Na+ reabsorption: from the lumen of the P-cell back into the blood

52
Q

What 3 things control (promote) the release of Aldosterone?

A
  1. High K+ —> Adrenal cortex
  2. Very high osmolarity—> negative feedback
  3. Low blood pressure–>RAS pathway—>Adrenal cortex
53
Q

What secretes Renin (enzyme) and why?

A

Juxtaglomerular granular cells

in response to low blood pressure

54
Q

What is the function of Renin (enzyme)?

A

to convert Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin l

55
Q

What converts Angiotensin l —> Angiotensin ll

A

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

56
Q

What are Renin and ACE?

A

Peptidases

57
Q

What organ releases Renin?

A

Kidneys

58
Q

What organ produces Angiotensinogen?

A

Liver

59
Q

What contains and releases ACE?

A

Blood vessel ENDOthelium

60
Q

What is the function of Angiotensin ll?

A

Raise blood pressure

61
Q

What has a direct effect on the Granular cells of the afferent arterioles to produce Renin?

A

Low blood pressure

62
Q

Low blood pressure also signals the ____________ to increase ____________ activity in the Granular cells of the afferent arteriole.

A

Cardiovascular Control Center (CCC)

Sympathetic

63
Q

What does 5 things does angiotensin ll signal to increase blood pressure?

A
  1. Arterioles–> vasoconstriction

2.* CCC in medulla oblongata—> increase Cardiovascular
response

3.* Hypothalamus—> increase vasopressin & thirst, which
increases blood volume & maintain osmolarity

4.* Adrenal cortex—> increase Aldosterone—> increases Na+
reabsorption—> increases volume & maintain osmolarity

  1. Proximal tubule—> increase Na+ reabsorption—>
    increases volume and maintain
    osmolarity
64
Q

What does the heart release to stimulate salt and water excretion?

A

Natriuretic peptides

65
Q

What signals the heart to release natriuretic peptides?

A

Increased blood volume, which causes increased arteriole stretch—-> Myocardial cells stretch & release Natriuretic peptides

66
Q

What 4 organs does the natriuretic peptides signal?

A
  1. Hypothalamus—> decrease vasopressin
  2. Kidneys—> decrease Na+ reabsorption & Renin—>
    decreases Aldosterone
  3. Adrenal cortex—> decrease Aldosterone
  4. Medulla oblongata—> decrease sympathetic output
67
Q

The Na+/K+ ATPase in transport epithelia pumps _____________________.

A

Na+ into the interstitial fluid

68
Q

What membrane is the NKCC symporter located and which side is that?

A

Apical membrane on the mucosal side

69
Q

Na+ reabsorption is driven by_________________.

A

Na+/K+ ATPase on the interstitial side of the tubule lumen

70
Q

What are the 4 effects of angiotensin ll?

A
  1. causes vasoconstriction
  2. stimulates vasopressin release
  3. stimulates aldosterone release
  4. stimulates the CCC in the medulla oblongata
71
Q

Vasopressin promotes _______________ in the ______________.

A

Water reabsorption in the Collecting Duct

72
Q

In the ascending loop of Henle, the ____________ recovers Na+, K+, & Cl- driven by the ___ gradient.

A

NKCC symporter

Na+ gradient

73
Q

Aldosterone promotes ___ reabsorption by ______ in the ______________ & ____________.

A

Na+

P-cells

Distal tubule & Collecting duct

74
Q

Renin activates _____________ which is converted to angiotensin ll by ______.

A

Angiotensin l

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

75
Q

Angiotensin ll increases __________ and promotes ________ release.

A

Blood pressure

Aldosterone

76
Q

Natriuretic peptides from the heart stimulates ______ & _______ excretion.

A

Water & Salt

77
Q

In the collecting duct, Na+ is taken up by __________.

A

ENaC (Epithelial Na+ Channels)

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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