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Human Physiology > Ch:20 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Ch:20 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

Diuretic

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2
Q

What is the function of Diuretics?

A

Increase water excretion and are used to treat heart failure & hypertension

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3
Q

What is the function of loop diuretics?

Give an example (medication):

A

Inhibit reabsorption of Na+ in the ascending limb

eg. Lasix

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4
Q

What is the function of potassium sparing diuretics?

Give an example (medication):

A

Epithelial Na+ channel blockers of the collecting duct

eg. Amiloride

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5
Q

What is the function of osmotic diuretics?

Give an example (medication):

A

osmotic diuretics are filtered but no absorbed, which reduces water reabsorption.

eg. Mannitol

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6
Q

Which side is the basolateral membrane located on in epithelial cells?

A

Serosal side (interstitial fluid)

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7
Q

Which side is the apical membrane located on in epithelial cells?

A

Mucosal side (lumen)

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8
Q

Where is the Na+/K+ ATPase typically located?

A

Basolateral membrane

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9
Q

In the proximal tubule, ___1___ is transported out of the ____2____ and back to the _____3_____.

A
  1. Na+
  2. lumen
  3. blood
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10
Q

Which transporter is used to move Na+ from epithelial cells to the interstitial fluid?

A

ENaC (Na+ pump)

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11
Q

How is Na+ moved from the tubule lumen into epithelial cells?

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

What form of transport is used in glucose reabsorption on the lumenal side?

A

Na+ linked transport

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13
Q

What form of transport is used in glucose reabsorption on the serosal side?

A

Facilitated transport

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14
Q

How does glucose reabsorption differ from Na+ reabsorption?

A

Na+ reabsorption:

  • Lumenal side: diffusion
  • Serosal side: Na+ pump

Glucose reabsorption:

  • Lumenal side: Na+ linked transport
  • Serosal side: Facilitated diffusion
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15
Q

What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

A

receptor enzyme

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16
Q

What happens when insulin binds to the receptor?

A

phosphorylates intracellular proteins

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17
Q

What results from the phosphorylation of intracellular proteins after insulin binds to the receptor?

A

exocytosis of the glucose containing vesicles (GLUT4),

which allows glucose to enter the cell

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18
Q

What are the 4 steps regarding insulin receptors?

A
  1. insulin binds to receptor
  2. signal transduction cascade
  3. exocytosis
  4. glucose enters the cell
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19
Q

What form of transportation is used for organic anions on the lumenal side?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

What form of transportation is used for organic anions on the interstitial side?

A

OAT (organic anion transporter)

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21
Q

How does the transport of organic anions differ from glucose?

A

organic anions use facilitated diffusion on the lumenal side

glucose uses facilitated diffusion on the interstitial side

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22
Q

What transporter does “direct active transport” in the proximal tubule use?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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23
Q

What keeps Na+ concentrations low in the proximal tubule?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

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24
Q

What transporter does “secondary indirect active transport” in the proximal tubule use?

A

Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter (NaDC)

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25
What does Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter (NaDC) do and where does the energy used to accomplish this come from?
It concentrates a dicarboxylate in the cell using the energy stored in the Na+ gradient
26
What transporter does "tertiary indirect active transport" in the proximal tubule use?
The basolateral OAT (organic anion transporter)
27
What does OAT do and where does the energy used to accomplish this come from?
it concentrates organic anions in the cell using the energy stored in the dicarboxylate gradient
28
What 4 organic acids does the OAT secrete?
(BBSS) 1. bile salts 2. benzoate 3. salicyate 4. saccharine
29
What is the purpose of the NKCC symporter?
to recover Na+, K+, & Cl- driven by the Na+ concentration gradient (NKCC) N=Na+ K=K+ C=Cl-
30
The ascending limb is impermeable to _________ so ________ is removed and osmolarity of the urine _____?
1. water 2. salt 3. drops
31
Which diuretic is used to block the NKCC symporter in the Loop of Henle?
loop diuretic- Lasix (furosemide)
32
Blocking the NKCC symporter using a loop diuretic will also lead to?
K+ loss
33
What are the 4 steps associated with the reabsorption of salts in the Loop of Henle?
1. High mOsm entering the ascending limb 2. Reabsorption of salts 3. Water cannot follow solute 4. Low mOsm
34
What transporter is used for reabsorption of salts in the loop of Henle?
NKCC symporter
35
What transporter is used for reabsorption of salts in the collecting duct?
ENaC (epithelial Na+ channels)
36
How is salt reabsorbed in the collecting duct?
Na+ is taken up by ENaC
37
Which diuretic can be used to block salt reabsorption in the collecting duct?
potassium sparing diuretic (amiloride)
38
Why is amiloride called the potassium sparing diuretic?
b.c. the loop diuretic (lasix) leads to loss of K+
39
What are the 4 steps regarding salt reabsorption in the collecting duct?
``` 1. Aldosterone in the blood binds to the receptor in the P cell (principal cell) ``` 2. Transcription---> mRNA 3. New channels and pumps are incorporated into the P cell. 4. New channels and pumps= K+ secreted into the lumen and Na+ is reabsorbed back into the blood
40
What do diuretics do to blood pressure?
Lowers blood pressure by increasing water excretion
41
So then what do antidiuretics do to blood pressure?
Raises blood pressure by increasing water reabsorption
42
What is vasopressin?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
43
What is the function of vasopressin?
raise blood pressure by inserting aquaporins into the apical membrane of the collecting duct. Aquaporin permits water reabsorption
44
Where is vasopressin released from?
posterior pituitary
45
Where is vasopressin synthesized?
Hypothalamus
46
What causes vasopressin to be synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary?
- Decreased blood pressure - Decreased arterial stretch due to low blood volume - Osmolarity greater than 280 mOsM
47
What does vasopressin act on?
collecting duct epithelium
48
What type of hormone is aldosterone and where is it released from?
Steroid hormone Adrenal Cortex
49
What does aldosterone act on?
P-cells (principal cells)
50
What does aldosterone modulate?
the activity of ENaC and Na+/K+ ATPase & increases their concentration in the cell membrane
51
What does aldosterone promote?
Na+ reabsorption: from the lumen of the P-cell back into the blood
52
What 3 things control (promote) the release of Aldosterone?
1. High K+ ---> Adrenal cortex 2. Very high osmolarity---> negative feedback 3. Low blood pressure-->RAS pathway--->Adrenal cortex
53
What secretes Renin (enzyme) and why?
Juxtaglomerular granular cells in response to low blood pressure
54
What is the function of Renin (enzyme)?
to convert Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin l
55
What converts Angiotensin l ---> Angiotensin ll
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
56
What are Renin and ACE?
Peptidases
57
What organ releases Renin?
Kidneys
58
What organ produces Angiotensinogen?
Liver
59
What contains and releases ACE?
Blood vessel ENDOthelium
60
What is the function of Angiotensin ll?
Raise blood pressure
61
What has a direct effect on the Granular cells of the afferent arterioles to produce Renin?
Low blood pressure
62
Low blood pressure also signals the ____________ to increase ____________ activity in the Granular cells of the afferent arteriole.
Cardiovascular Control Center (CCC) Sympathetic
63
What does 5 things does angiotensin ll signal to increase blood pressure?
1. Arterioles--> vasoconstriction 2.* CCC in medulla oblongata---> increase Cardiovascular response 3.* Hypothalamus---> increase vasopressin & thirst, which increases blood volume & maintain osmolarity 4.* Adrenal cortex---> increase Aldosterone---> increases Na+ reabsorption---> increases volume & maintain osmolarity 5. Proximal tubule---> increase Na+ reabsorption---> increases volume and maintain osmolarity
64
What does the heart release to stimulate salt and water excretion?
Natriuretic peptides
65
What signals the heart to release natriuretic peptides?
Increased blood volume, which causes increased arteriole stretch----> Myocardial cells stretch & release Natriuretic peptides
66
What 4 organs does the natriuretic peptides signal?
1. Hypothalamus---> decrease vasopressin 2. Kidneys---> decrease Na+ reabsorption & Renin---> decreases Aldosterone 3. Adrenal cortex---> decrease Aldosterone 4. Medulla oblongata---> decrease sympathetic output
67
The Na+/K+ ATPase in transport epithelia pumps _____________________.
Na+ into the interstitial fluid
68
What membrane is the NKCC symporter located and which side is that?
Apical membrane on the mucosal side
69
Na+ reabsorption is driven by_________________.
Na+/K+ ATPase on the interstitial side of the tubule lumen
70
What are the 4 effects of angiotensin ll?
1. causes vasoconstriction 2. stimulates vasopressin release 3. stimulates aldosterone release 4. stimulates the CCC in the medulla oblongata
71
Vasopressin promotes _______________ in the ______________.
Water reabsorption in the Collecting Duct
72
In the ascending loop of Henle, the ____________ recovers Na+, K+, & Cl- driven by the ___ gradient.
NKCC symporter Na+ gradient
73
Aldosterone promotes ___ reabsorption by ______ in the ______________ & ____________.
Na+ P-cells Distal tubule & Collecting duct
74
Renin activates _____________ which is converted to angiotensin ll by ______.
Angiotensin l ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
75
Angiotensin ll increases __________ and promotes ________ release.
Blood pressure Aldosterone
76
Natriuretic peptides from the heart stimulates ______ & _______ excretion.
Water & Salt
77
In the collecting duct, Na+ is taken up by __________.
ENaC (Epithelial Na+ Channels)

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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