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Human Physiology > Ch:26 Reproduction & Development > Flashcards

Ch:26 Reproduction & Development Flashcards

1
Q

What gene does the Y chromosome contain?

A

SRY gene

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2
Q

What does the absence of SRY gene result in?

A

development of ovaries

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3
Q

The SRY gene in males causes the gonad in the _______ to develop into ___________.

A

medulla

testes

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4
Q

Absence of the SRY gene in females causes the gonad in the _______ to develop into ___________.

A

cortex

ovaries

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5
Q

The Wolffian duct is present in ___M/F___ and develops into the ________, __________ & __________.

A

males

epididymis, vas deferens & seminal vesicle

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6
Q

The Mullerian duct is present in ____M/F____ and develops into the _______, ________ & _________.

A

Females

Fallopian tube, uterus & cervix

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7
Q

What hormone causes the Wolffian duct to become the epididymus, vas deferens, & seminal vesicle?

A

Testosterone

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8
Q

The ABSENCE of which hormone causes the Mullerian duct to become the oviduct, usterus & cervix?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone

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9
Q

Which type of cells secrete the hormone testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells

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10
Q

Which type of cells secrete the Anti-Mullerian hormone?

A

Sertoli cells

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11
Q

What hormone stimulates steroid production in males and females?

A

LH

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12
Q

What hormone stimulates gametogenesis?

A

FSH

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13
Q

What hormone do the gonads produce to stimulate FSH release?

A

peptide hormone Activin

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14
Q

What hormone do the gonads produce to inhibit FSH release?

A

peptide hormone Inhibin

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15
Q

What is a function of LH that is only in females?

A

Gamete production (not in males)

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16
Q

What cells do LH act on?

A

interstitial cells for steroid production

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17
Q

What cells do FSH act on?

A

Sertoli cells for gamete production

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18
Q

What type of cells are Leydig cells?

A

Interstitial cells

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19
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce proteins for?

A

sperm production

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20
Q

What 2 hormones do testosterone provide negative feedback for?

A

GnRH & LH

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21
Q

Where do oocytes mature in and how long does it take them to mature?

A

follicle

28days

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22
Q

What occurs during the EARLY follicular phase?

A
  • FSH acts on granulosa cells & stimulate follicle maturation
  • LH stimulates thecal cells to produce steroids
  • Estrogen inhibits FSH & LH and stimulates endometrial growth (end of menstruation)
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23
Q

What occurs during the LATE follicular phase?

A
  • Estrogen stimulates proliferative phase of endometrial growth & GnRH release
  • GnRH increases LH & FSH release
  • LH stimulates the follicle leading to ovulation
24
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A
  • the follicle ruptures releasing oocyte into Fallopian tube

- Theca & Granulosa cells transform into luteal cells, which accumulate lipid & glycogen and secrete steroids

25
Q

What occurs during the EARLY luteal phase?

A
  • corpus luteum secretes progesterone & estrogen
  • steroids & inhibin suppress GnRH and lower LH & FSH
  • progesterone causes the endometrium to develop (secretory phase of uterine cycle)
26
Q

What occurs during the LATE luteal phase?

A

corpus luteum degenerates & progesterone secretion stops causing the endometrial surface to die leading to menstruation

27
Q

Where do spermatogonia move toward as they differentiate?

A

lumen of the seminiferous tubule

28
Q

During the ______ _____ phase, _______ stimulates follicle maturation & menstruation occurs (uterine cycle).

A

Early follicular; FSH

29
Q

During the ______ _______ phase, ________ stimulates the proliferative phase of endometrial growth & GnRH release.

A

Late follicular; Estrogen

30
Q

During the _________ phase, ________ stimulates endometrial development in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

A

Luteal; Progesterone

31
Q

LH stimulates _______ cells to produce _______ (_____).

A

steroids (testosterone)

32
Q

FSH acts on Sertoli cells to stimulate _________ production.

A

gamete

33
Q

What occurs during the Acrosomal reaction?

A

enzymes in the head of the sperm (acrosome) break down the Zona pellucida (glycoprotein coat) around the egg.

34
Q

What occurs during the Cortical reaction?

A

after fusion of sperm & egg, cortical granules in the egg release enzymes that harden the Zona pellucida and destroy sperm receptors.

35
Q

Why does the Cortical reaction occur?

A

to prevent fertilization by a 2nd sperm

36
Q

What triggers the cortical reaction?

A

sperm & egg membranes fusing

37
Q

What does fertilization cause?

A

it causes the egg to complete 2nd meiotic division forming the 2nd polar body.

38
Q

What is created when the sperm and egg NUCLEI fuse?

A

diploid zygote

39
Q

What are the 5 steps involved in ovulation, fertilization & implementation?

A
  1. ovulation
  2. fertilization (day 1)
  3. division (days 2-4)
  4. blastocyst reaches uterus (day 4-5)
  5. blastocyst implants (days 5-9)
40
Q

Where does fertilization of the egg occur?

A

Fallopian tube

41
Q

How does the blastocyst implant itself in the uterus?

A

by releasing enzymes allowing it to burrow

42
Q

What hormone is secreted by the placenta that binds to LH receptors to prevent the degeneration of the corpus luteum during 1-2 months of pregnancy?

A

hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

43
Q

What placental hormone secretion is released at 2 months of pregnancy to keep the endometrium from deteriorating?

A

progesterone

44
Q

What 2 dermal layers differentiate after the amnionic cavity opens?

A

Endoderm and Ectoderm (day 7-8)

45
Q

What does the Ectoderm give rise to?

A

Skin, central and peripheral nervous systems

integumentary & nervous system

46
Q

What does the Endoderm give rise to?

A

GI tract, digestive tube, liver, pancreas, respiratory tract, follicles of thyroid and thymus, auditory system, urinary bladder and part of the urethra and urinary bladder

(Respiratory, Digestive & Urinary systems)

47
Q

What does the Mesoderm give rise to?

A

Muscle, connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood and lymphatic vessels. and kidneys

(Musculoskeletal, Circulatory, Urinary, Immune and Reproductive systems)

48
Q

What is the Amnion?

A

surrounds the amniotic cavity containing the embryo

49
Q

What is the Allantois and what does it form?

A

with the yolk sac, an outgrowth from the gut that forms the umbilical cord

50
Q

What is the Chorion and what does it form?

A

forms the placenta and surrounds the extraembryonic coelom

51
Q

What is the big picture of what the Ectoderm forms?

A

Skin & Nervous system

52
Q

What is the big picture of what the Mesoderm forms?

A

Muscle & Bones

53
Q

What is the big picture of what the Endoderm forms?

A

Gut & Respiratory tract

54
Q

Where does the exchange of nutrients and gases occur during development?

A

Placenta

55
Q

What initiates Parturition (baby birth)?

A

cervical stretch

56
Q

What is Parturition mediated by and what do they do?

A

oxytocin and prostaglandins- increase uterine contractions

57
Q

What hormone inhibits uterine contractions?

A

progesterone

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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