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Human Physiology > Ch:24 Immune System > Flashcards

Ch:24 Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Which WBCs are classified as

Granulocytes?

A

Mast cells, Basophils, Eosinophils & Neutrophils

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2
Q

Which WBCs are classified as

Phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Macrophages & Monocytes

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3
Q

Which WBCs are classified as

Cytotoxic cells?

A

Eosinophils, Lymphocytes & Plasma cells

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4
Q

Which WBCs are classified as

Antigen-presenting cells?

A

Monocytes, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma cells & Dendritic cells

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5
Q

Which WBCs are the most abundant in blood?

A

Neutrophils

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6
Q

Which WBCs are the most rare?

A

Basophils and Mast cells

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7
Q

Which WBCs are involved in inflammation & allergic response?

A

Basophils and Mast cells

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8
Q

What are the differences between Innate immunity & acquired immunity?

A

Innate immunity recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns
& is mediated by phagocytes while acquired immunity recognizes specific antigens and is mediated by lymphocytes

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9
Q

What 2 cells are B-lymphocytes?

A

Plasma cells & Memory cells

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10
Q

What 2 cells are T-lymphocytes?

A

Cytotoxic T cells & Helper T cells

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11
Q

What are the 6 functions of Antibodies?

A
  1. Mark antigens for destruction
  2. Enhance inflammation
  3. antigen clumping
  4. inactivation of bacterial toxins
  5. Activate compliment & B lymphocytes
  6. Trigger degranulation
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12
Q

What are the 5 subclasses of antibodies?

A

IgG: activate complement (75% of plasma antibodies)

IgA: found in external secretions (saliva, tears, milk)

IgE: activate mast cells in allergic responses

IgM: activate compliment and involved in primary immune
response & blood group reactivity

IgD: surface of B-lymphocytes

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13
Q

What to subclasses of antibodies activate complements (Fc end of antibody)?

A

IgG & IgM

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14
Q

What happens in primary immune response?

A

exposure to an antigen triggers clonal expansion and the immune response

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15
Q

What happens in secondary immune response?

A

when memory cells are reexposed to the appropriate antigen, the clone expands more rapidly to create additional effector and memory cells

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16
Q

Is primary or secondary immune response faster and stronger?

A

secondary immune response

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17
Q

What is the function of T lymphocytes and where do they mature?

A

to carry out cell mediated immunity by binding MHC- antigen complexes on target cells and they mature in the thymus gland

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18
Q

What does the complement system do during a bacterial infection?

A

-complement proteins attract leukocytes
-cause degranulation of mast cells and basophils
-cytokines attract more immune cells
-histamine dilates blood vessels & increases permeability
-proteins & water enter extracellular fluid causing swelling
-membrane attack complex permeabilizes bacterial
membranes

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19
Q

What type of cells are MHC Class l and how do they function?

A

all nucleated cells

mark cells for destruction by cytotoxic T cells

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20
Q

What types of cells are MHC Class ll and what is their function?

A

macrophages, B lymphocytes & dendritic cells

stimulate helper T cells to secrete cytokines to enhance immune response

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21
Q

What are the 2 subclass cells of T lymphocytes and what are their functions?

A

Cytotoxic T cells- release perforin & proteases to induce
apoptosis of target cells.

Helper T cells- release interferon Y to activate
macrophages
- release interleukins to activate antibody
production & stimulate cytotoxic T
lymphocytes, mast cells & eosinophils
-release colony stimulating factors to
enhance leukocyte production

22
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells bind to opposed to helper T cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells = MHC class l

Helper T cells = MHC class ll

23
Q

What are the steps involved in immune response to a bacterial infection?

A
  1. Bacteria activates complement proteins
  2. Opsonins coat bacterial cells with antigens &
    phagocytes engulf the uncoated bacteria
  3. bacteria coated with antigen binds to T_H cells
  4. T_H cells activate B lymphocytes to become plasma cells
  5. Plasma cells secrete antibodies
24
Q

How does the immune system respond to a bacterial infection?

A
  • memory cells are attracted to the area & initiate 2ndary immune response
  • antigen-presenting cells activate hellper T cells
  • Naive B cells are stimulated to produce plasma cells & memory cells (primary immune response)
25
Q

What are the steps involved in a viral infection?

A
  1. Macrophages ingest virus
  2. MHC ll on macrophage presents the virus antigen
  3. macrophage secretes cytokines to induce inflammation and attract Helper T cells to bind to macrophage
  4. once bound, T_H cells activate B lymphocytes to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
  5. T_H cell activate cytotoxic T cells at T-receptor and release perforin & granzymes that induce apoptosis
26
Q

How are viruses prevented from entering cells in the body?

A

Opsonins mark virus for macrophages to ingest

27
Q

What do macrophages release to prevent the virus from replicating?

A

a-interferons

28
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells recognize infected cells and what do they release to promote apoptosis

A

MHC class l (different than macrophages MHC ll)

release perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis

29
Q

What is it called when during the primary immune response, naive B lymphocytes divide to form plasma and memory cells?

A

Clonal expansion

30
Q

What occurs in the primary immune response?

A

clonal expansion (naive B lymphocytes divide to form plasma and memory cells)

31
Q

What occurs in the secondary immune response?

A

memory cells reproduce for a rapid response

32
Q

Where do all nucleated cells display the foreign antigen?

A

MHC l

33
Q

What cells is humoral immunity involved in and what is it mediated by?

A

B lymphocytes and mediated by antibody secretion

34
Q

What cells is cell-mediated immunity involved in and what is it mediated by?

A

T lymphocytes and mediated by T cell receptors binding to MHC-antigen complexes?

35
Q

What is the summary of the immune response in a bacterial infection?

A

activation of complement, phagocytosis of bacteria, primary & secondary response

36
Q

What is the summary of the immune response regarding a viral infection?

A

primary and secondary immune response against free virus, ingestion of virus by macrophage, activation of cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells

37
Q

How do histamines cause inflammation?

A

dilating blood vessels & increasing permeability

38
Q

What is the role of helper T cells?

A

stimulate antibody production by B cells

39
Q

What 2 cells do helper T cells activate and what does the activated cell become?

A

B lymphocytes to become plasma cells
&
cytotoxic T cells to release perforin & granzymes

40
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells secrete and what do the secretions cause?

A

perforin & granzymes for apoptosis

41
Q

What are the 6 steps in an allergic response?

A
  1. allergen ingested & processed by antigen-presenting cell
  2. antigen-presenting cell activates Helper T cell
  3. Helper T cell activates B lymphocyte
  4. B lymphocyte becomes plasma & memory cells
  5. Memory B and T cells retain memory of exposer to allergen
  6. upon reexposer to allergen, B & T cells activate more quickly. The body reacts strongly by releasing histamines, cytokines, and other mediators causing allergic symptoms
42
Q

What type of antigens and antibodies are present on type O blood?

A

Antigen: NONE

Antibody: A & B

43
Q

What type of antigens and antibodies are present on type A blood?

A

Antigen: A

Antibody: B

44
Q

What type of antigens and antibodies are present on type B blood?

A

Antigen: B

Antibody: A

45
Q

What type of antigens and antibodies are present on type AB blood?

A

Antigen: A & B

Antibody: NONE

46
Q

What does a massive release of histamine cause in an allergic rxn?

A

systemic vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and collapse of the circulatory system

47
Q

What happens during reexposer during an allergic response?

A

allergen binds to IgE on Mast cells releasing histamine and cytokines

48
Q

What happens during sensitization during an allergic response?

A
  1. allergen is ingested by macrophage
  2. helper T cells are activated
  3. helper T cells activate B cells to become plasma cells making IgE & IgG
  4. IgE binds to Mast cells and basophils
49
Q

How are foreign organs rejected by the body?

A

foreign MHC proteins activate cytotoxic T cells & helper T cells which kills foreign tissue

50
Q

How are autoimmune diseases caused?

A

T lymphocytes recognizing self HLA are eliminated by the thymus—> failure of this system results in autoimmune disease

Human Physiology (5 decks)

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