Chapter 2.3-2.4 Flashcards
inorganic chemistry Molecules that do NOT contain carbon bonded to
hydrogen
Found in living organisms AND in nonliving areas of
ecosystems
Exs. H2O, CO2, O2, ozone (O3)
inorganic molecules
Molecules bonded to hydrogen & made of a carbon to
carbon skeleton
Only found in living, or once, living organisms
Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Organic molecules are
organic molecules
What elements do carbon bond with to make up life’s
molecules?
other carbon
atoms AND
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur (CHONPS)
carbon has \_\_ electrons…two in the \_\_ energy level or shell and \_\_ valence in the outermost shell so…
6, 1st, 4
Carbon can bond with up to _ other atoms simultaneously
4
can form many diverse, large, and complex
shapes with single, double or triple bonds
carbon skeletons
organic molecules
carbon forms covalent bonds
with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Sometimes a single bond between carbons and
sometimes double or triple bonds.
group of atoms within a molecule that
interact in predictable ways with other molecules.
functional groups
Sometimes _ are shown and
sometimes not in structural formulas
H
MUST be
shown in structural formulas
Functional groups
is at the end of the
chain and everywhere it
bends
carbon
Many carbon-based molecules (_____) are
made of many small subunits bonded together.
macromolecules
are the individual subunits.
monomers
are made of many monomers. Larger.
polymers
Monomers bond together to build
polymers
Each time a monomer is added to a chain, a water
molecule is released
dehydration reaction
Each time a monomer is broken from a chain, a water
molecule is added
hydrolysis reaction
Four main types of organic macromolecules are found
in living things
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms
carbohydrates
carbohydrate ratio
(Ratio= 1C: 2H: 1O)
carb ratio example
C6H12O6. C5H10O5
carb function
Main energy source of cell and for structural purposes
(ex: cell wall & exoskeletons), can breakdown to produce
sugars for immediate energy
Carbon skeleton shape=
rings
Functional group of carbs -
OH
Monomers= simple sugars
aka
monosaccharides
Monomers= simple sugars
aka monosaccharides
simple sugars like
glucose, galactose, fructose)
Polymers= Complex
carbohydrates such as
disaccharides and polysaccharides
disaccarides ex
(exs lactose,
sucrose, maltose)
polysaccharides
(exs. starch,
cellulose and glycogen)-
glucose-frucose
sucrose
galacose-glucose
lactose
glucose-glucose
maltose
How do they the different groups differ?
number of rings
lipids
Chains containing C,H, and few O, use -COOH group
lipids ex
Exs fats, oils, waxes and steroids (cholesterol)
lipids are
Are hydrophobic: NOT soluble in water
function of lipids
stored energy, make membranes, waterproof
coverings, chemical messengers
MOST lipids have
MOST have straight chain carbon skeletons
Fats and oils contain two monomers:
fatty acids chains
and glycerol.
Monomers called
fatty acids
and glycero
Polymers called
triglycerides and
phospholipids
have different types of fatty acid chains.
fats and oils
(solid at room temp)
saturated fatty acids
(liquid at room temp)
unsaturated fatty acids
water avoiding
NOT soluble in water
hydrophobic
hydrophobic ex.
oil, wax, cholesterol
water loving
hydrophillic
hydrophillic ex.
NaCl
is composed of phospholipids
cell membrane
make up all cell membranes.
Phospholipids
“hydrophilic ___”
head
“hydrophobic ____”
tails
are lipid molecules in which the carbon skeleton
forms 4 fused rings
Vary by functional groups
Classified as lipids because they are hydrophobic
steroids
steroid ex.
Exs: cholesterol (found in cell membranes) and sex hormones
Nucleic Acids
DNA RNA
Nucleic Acids Contain
C,H,O,N,P
Shape is a ____ ______(DNA only)
double helix
nucleic acid function
store and transmit hereditary, provide genetic
information, direct protein synthesis
Monomers called
nucleotides
are made of a sugar, phosphate,
group, and a nitrogen base.
nucleotides
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are
polymers
of nucleotide that captures and transfers chemical
energy
ATP type
stores and
transmits genetic
information.
DNA
uses DNA’s
genetic code to go
to the ribosome to
build proteins
RNA
Chains containing C,H,O,N
Contain -NH2 and –COOH groups
PROTEINS:
protein functions
(the shape of proteins determines their function)
Control the rate of chemical reactions (enzymes)
Regulate cell processes
Form cellular structures
Cellular transport
Help fight disease
Monomers are
amino acids
how many amino acids
20
differ in their side groups, or R groups
amino acids
What makes amino acids different
, some acidic, some
basic, some polar, some nonpolar, some rings
polymers
are called polypeptides and polypeptides make up
proteins
amino acids are held together by
peptide bonds in
polypeptides
DNA codes for amino acid sequence in a
polypeptide/protein
energy needed to start up a chemical
reaction
activation energy
compound that speed up reactions by
lowering their activation energies
catalysts
proteins that are cellular catalysts
enzymes
reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
substrate
reactant + reactant =
product
“start-up” energy (AKA heat) needed to
make reaction occur
activation energy
are conserved during chemical reactions
so every organism must have energy for reactions
mass and energy
Cells can’t be heated so ____ are needed to “start-up”
chemical reactions in your body
enzymes
Therefore enzymes act as cellular ______ (lowering
the activation energy needed for chemical reactions to occur
in cells) make slow reactions occur faster
CATALYSTS
Enzymes are reaction specific due to their
unique shapes
Enzymes fit together specifically with
the substrates
groove area where substrates
attach to enzyme
active sites on enzymes
Enzymes cause ________ _______ to occur but do not
change itself so can be reused over and over
chemical reactions
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Endothermic
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Exothermic
Reactions require energy to occur
Endothermic
Reactions occurs on its own
Exothermic
determines a protein’s shape
order of amino acids
allows the protein to function properly
shape of amino acids
change a protein’s structure and
function
incorrect amino acids
when an unfavorable change causes a
protein to unravel and lose its shape (this cannot be
reversed
denaturation
Usually denatured with
heat or pH
A ______ protein cannot function
denatured
Ex. denatured protein
scrambled eggs
