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Biology > Chapter 2.3-2.4 > Flashcards

Chapter 2.3-2.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

inorganic chemistry Molecules that do NOT contain carbon bonded to
hydrogen

Found in living organisms AND in nonliving areas of
ecosystems

Exs. H2O, CO2, O2, ozone (O3)

A

inorganic molecules

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2
Q

Molecules bonded to hydrogen & made of a carbon to
carbon skeleton

Only found in living, or once, living organisms

Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Organic molecules are

A

organic molecules

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3
Q

What elements do carbon bond with to make up life’s

molecules?

A

other carbon
atoms AND

hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
phosphorus,
sulfur
(CHONPS)
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4
Q 
carbon has \_\_
electrons…two
in the \_\_ 
energy level or
shell and \_\_
valence in the
outermost shell
so…
A

6, 1st, 4

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5
Q

Carbon can bond with up to _ other atoms simultaneously

A

4

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6
Q

can form many diverse, large, and complex

shapes with single, double or triple bonds

A

carbon skeletons

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7
Q

organic molecules

A

carbon forms covalent bonds
with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Sometimes a single bond between carbons and
sometimes double or triple bonds.

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8
Q

group of atoms within a molecule that

interact in predictable ways with other molecules.

A

functional groups

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9
Q

Sometimes _ are shown and

sometimes not in structural formulas

A

H

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10
Q

MUST be

shown in structural formulas

A

Functional groups

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11
Q

is at the end of the
chain and everywhere it
bends

A

carbon

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12
Q

Many carbon-based molecules (_____) are

made of many small subunits bonded together.

A

macromolecules

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13
Q

are the individual subunits.

A

monomers

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14
Q

are made of many monomers. Larger.

A

polymers

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15
Q

Monomers bond together to build

A

polymers

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16
Q

Each time a monomer is added to a chain, a water

molecule is released

A

dehydration reaction

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17
Q

Each time a monomer is broken from a chain, a water

molecule is added

A

hydrolysis reaction

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18
Q

Four main types of organic macromolecules are found

in living things

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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19
Q

are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

atoms

A

carbohydrates

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20
Q

carbohydrate ratio

A

(Ratio= 1C: 2H: 1O)

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21
Q

carb ratio example

A

C6H12O6. C5H10O5

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22
Q

carb function

A

Main energy source of cell and for structural purposes
(ex: cell wall & exoskeletons), can breakdown to produce
sugars for immediate energy

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23
Q

Carbon skeleton shape=

A

rings

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24
Q

Functional group of carbs -

A

OH

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25
Q

Monomers= simple sugars

aka

A

monosaccharides

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26
Q

Monomers= simple sugars

aka monosaccharides

A

simple sugars like

glucose, galactose, fructose)

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27
Q

Polymers= Complex

carbohydrates such as

A

disaccharides and polysaccharides

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28
Q

disaccarides ex

A

(exs lactose,

sucrose, maltose)

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29
Q

polysaccharides

A

(exs. starch,

cellulose and glycogen)-

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30
Q

glucose-frucose

A

sucrose

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31
Q

galacose-glucose

A

lactose

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32
Q

glucose-glucose

A

maltose

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33
Q

How do they the different groups differ?

A

number of rings

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34
Q

lipids

A

Chains containing C,H, and few O, use -COOH group

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35
Q

lipids ex

A

Exs fats, oils, waxes and steroids (cholesterol)

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36
Q

lipids are

A

Are hydrophobic: NOT soluble in water

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37
Q

function of lipids

A

stored energy, make membranes, waterproof

coverings, chemical messengers

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38
Q

MOST lipids have

A

MOST have straight chain carbon skeletons

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39
Q

Fats and oils contain two monomers:

A

fatty acids chains

and glycerol.

40
Q

Monomers called

A

fatty acids

and glycero

41
Q

Polymers called

A

triglycerides and

phospholipids

42
Q

have different types of fatty acid chains.

A

fats and oils

43
Q

(solid at room temp)

A

saturated fatty acids

44
Q

(liquid at room temp)

A

unsaturated fatty acids

45
Q

water avoiding

NOT soluble in water

A

hydrophobic

46
Q

hydrophobic ex.

A

oil, wax, cholesterol

47
Q

water loving

A

hydrophillic

48
Q

hydrophillic ex.

A

NaCl

49
Q

is composed of phospholipids

A

cell membrane

50
Q

make up all cell membranes.

A

Phospholipids

51
Q

“hydrophilic ___”

A

head

52
Q

“hydrophobic ____”

A

tails

53
Q

are lipid molecules in which the carbon skeleton
forms 4 fused rings
Vary by functional groups

Classified as lipids because they are hydrophobic

A

steroids

54
Q

steroid ex.

A

Exs: cholesterol (found in cell membranes) and sex hormones

55
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA RNA

56
Q

Nucleic Acids Contain

A

C,H,O,N,P

57
Q

Shape is a ____ ______(DNA only)

A

double helix

58
Q

nucleic acid function

A

store and transmit hereditary, provide genetic

information, direct protein synthesis

59
Q

Monomers called

A

nucleotides

60
Q

are made of a sugar, phosphate,

group, and a nitrogen base.

A

nucleotides

61
Q

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are

A

polymers

62
Q

of nucleotide that captures and transfers chemical

energy

A

ATP type

63
Q

stores and
transmits genetic
information.

A

DNA

64
Q

uses DNA’s
genetic code to go
to the ribosome to
build proteins

A

RNA

65
Q

Chains containing C,H,O,N

Contain -NH2 and –COOH groups

A

PROTEINS:

66
Q

protein functions

A

(the shape of proteins determines their function)

Control the rate of chemical reactions (enzymes)

Regulate cell processes

Form cellular structures

Cellular transport

Help fight disease

67
Q

Monomers are

A

amino acids

68
Q

how many amino acids

A

20

69
Q

differ in their side groups, or R groups

A

amino acids

70
Q

What makes amino acids different

A

, some acidic, some

basic, some polar, some nonpolar, some rings

71
Q

polymers

A

are called polypeptides and polypeptides make up

proteins

72
Q

amino acids are held together by

A

peptide bonds in

polypeptides

73
Q

DNA codes for amino acid sequence in a

A

polypeptide/protein

74
Q

energy needed to start up a chemical

reaction

A

activation energy

75
Q

compound that speed up reactions by

lowering their activation energies

A

catalysts

76
Q

proteins that are cellular catalysts

A

enzymes

77
Q

reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

A

substrate

78
Q

reactant + reactant =

A

product

79
Q

“start-up” energy (AKA heat) needed to

make reaction occur

A

activation energy

80
Q

are conserved during chemical reactions

so every organism must have energy for reactions

A

mass and energy

81
Q

Cells can’t be heated so ____ are needed to “start-up”

chemical reactions in your body

A

enzymes

82
Q

Therefore enzymes act as cellular ______ (lowering
the activation energy needed for chemical reactions to occur
in cells) make slow reactions occur faster

A

CATALYSTS

83
Q

Enzymes are reaction specific due to their

A

unique shapes

84
Q

Enzymes fit together specifically with

A

the substrates

85
Q

groove area where substrates

attach to enzyme

A

active sites on enzymes

86
Q

Enzymes cause ________ _______ to occur but do not

change itself so can be reused over and over

A

chemical reactions

87
Q

Energy-Absorbing Reaction

A

Endothermic

88
Q

Energy-Releasing Reaction

A

Exothermic

89
Q

Reactions require energy to occur

A

Endothermic

90
Q

Reactions occurs on its own

A

Exothermic

91
Q

determines a protein’s shape

A

order of amino acids

92
Q

allows the protein to function properly

A

shape of amino acids

93
Q

change a protein’s structure and

function

A

incorrect amino acids

94
Q

when an unfavorable change causes a
protein to unravel and lose its shape (this cannot be
reversed

A

denaturation

95
Q

Usually denatured with

A

heat or pH

96
Q

A ______ protein cannot function

A

denatured

97
Q

Ex. denatured protein

A

scrambled eggs

Biology (10 decks)

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