16.1-.4 Flashcards
change over time
evolution
preserved remains of an ancient organism
fossil
ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in an environment
fitness
inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance or survival
adaptation
the process by which an organism with variations most suited to their environment survive and and leave more offspring
natural selection
structures that develop the same embryonic tissues but have different mature forms
homologous structures
small structures with little to no function
vestigal structures
the study of where organisms are and where they lived in the past
biogeography
the use of selective breeding to produce organisms with certain desirable traits
artificial selection
body parts that share common function, but not structure
analogous structure
where did darwin spend most of his time
South America
what is the name of the islands
galápagos
what did geologists suggest during darwin’s time
the earth was ancient and changed over time.
what did Darwin learn on the island
the shell shape of the tortious could be linked with the island it was on
rheas
south America
ostriches
africa
emus
australia
Why might darwin think finches from SA are related to finches in GI
The islands are close so they may have flown over
What revelation did Darwin suggest between fossils and modern animals
modern species may be related to extinct ones
locally
galápagos tort
globally
rheas and ostriches
over time
glyptodonts and armadillos
what 2 ways did geology influence Darwin
earth was very old and earth changed over time
Hutton relised earth was _______ then he thought
older
Lyell thought most geological processes happened
slowly
the process that changed the earth in the past is the _____ as the processes that operate in the present
same as
his work explained how large geological figures could be built up/torn down over long periods of time
Lyell
How did Lamarck’s purpose of species change over time
Selective use/nonuse of organs, organisms aquaried or lost certain traits. These traits were passed to their offspring and could lead to a change of species.
How did Lamarck pave the way for other biologists
he paved the way for evolution and organisms change over time
Which of Lamark’s ideas are true/false
true - change over time. false - inherited characteristics and inborn drive to be more complex
How would Lamark explain the length of a giraffe
It would constantly try and stretch its next to get leaves. As it strectches its neck, it would grow a bit longer. These necks would then be passed to their offspring, who could stretch their necks during their life time.
What observation caused Thomas Malthus to form a theory about population growth.
human birth rate higher than death rate
Mathlus idea
If human population was unchecked, there would not be enough living space/food for everyone.
Mathlus’s ideas told Darwin that
more organisms were born than would survive/reproduce
How does the human race artificially select? How does nature play into it?
Nature provides variation and humans select and breed for variation they find useful or appealing
members of a population compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life.
struggle for existence
why is camouflage and adaptation
it is a heritable trait that can help an organism survive predators and increase chance of survival.
How does an animals fitness relate to its chances of survival and reproduction
the higher the animal’s level of fitness, the better its chances of survival and reproduction
natural selection acts on ________ traits
inherited
any inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
adaptation
ability to survive and reproduce in an environment
fitness
look at chart
ok
natural selection depends on the organism’s abiltiy to
reproduce
every organism today _________ from one that can reproduce
decended
Over many generations, adaptation could successfully cause species to _______ into new ones
evolve
common decent suggests that all species, living/extinct, are _____
related
The ______ ______ provides physical proof of decent over long periods of time
fossil record
distantly related organisms may be similar if they live in
similar environments
explain the finch of the gal isl
it had descended with modification from the mainland ancestor
what explains similar but unrelated species
such species evolved features in common because they were exposed to natural selection
mammilian leg and amphibian leg
hs
wing of bee/bird
as
hipbones in dolphins
vs
bat wing and mouse arm
hs
reptile/bird foot
hs
dolphin fin/fish tail
as
eyes on blind cave fish
vs
snake tongue and dog nose
as
provides molecular theory that supports evolution
genetics
code heritable info
dna/rna
the universal genetic code is used by almost all organisms to
direct protein synthesis
proteins that are _________ share simular chemical and structal simularities
homo
cytochrome c is used for _______ ________ in every living cell
chemical respiration
Homo genes called hox genes control growth and timing in
embryos
relatively minor changes in an organism’s genome can produce major changes in an organisms
structure
What hypothesis did grant test for
differences in beak size and shape produce different fitnesses
what did grants data produce
great variation among gal finches
what did grant test for
natural selection
