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Biology > Chapter 1-2 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 1-2 Key Terms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Portugal, needed to find alternative route to east, found route to india

A

Vasco de Gama

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2
Q

Spanish Catholics tried to get rid of Muslims in Europe

A

reconquista

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3
Q

made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he accidentally stumbled upon the Americas.

A

Christopher Columbus

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4
Q

third and most successful voyage, he discovered present-day Rio de Janeiro and Rio de la Plata. Believing he haddiscovered a new continent, he called South America the New World. In 1507, America was named after him.

A

Amerigo Vespucci

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5
Q

led a European expedition for gold, which eventually brought him to the southeast coast of what would become the United States. He gave Florida its name and went on to become the first governor of Puerto Rico.

A

Juan Ponce de Leon

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6
Q

He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.

A

Vasco Nunez

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7
Q

defeated 600 men to defeat the Aztecs at Tenochtitlán

A

Hernan Cortez

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8
Q

Aztec capital, largest city in empire

A

Tenochtitlan

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9
Q

was the ninth king of the Aztec Empire. He ruled from 1502 to 1520. During that time, he increased taxes on his people and demanded more human tributes to be sacrificed to the gods. … Cortes captured him and ruled the Aztecs through him.

A

Montezuma

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10
Q

defeated the Incas in Peru

A

FRancisco pizzaro

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11
Q

a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. In 1500 he conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal

A

Pedro A. Cabral

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12
Q

columbian exchange

A

was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus’s 1492

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13
Q

Henry VIII impcact

A

founded the Church of England

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14
Q

circumnavigated the globe from 1577-1580, helped defeat the Spanish Armada of 1588 and was the most renowned seaman of the Elizabethan era.

A

Francis Drake

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15
Q

was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in late May 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

A

Spanish Armada

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16
Q

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

A

mercantilism

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17
Q

In 1587 he explored from North Carolina to present-day Florida, naming the region Virginia in honor of Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen.” In 1587 Raleigh sent an ill-fated second expedition of colonists to Roanoke.

A

Sir Walter Raleigh

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18
Q

was a joint-stock company chartered by King James I in 1606 to establish a colony in North America

A

virginia company

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19
Q

what did the va company do

A

The Company had the power to appoint a Council of leaders in the colony, a Governor, and other officials. It also took the responsibility to continually provide settlers, supplies, and ships for the venture.

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20
Q

was the first English colony to survive into a lasting settlement in what later became the United States. The colony, privately funded by the Virginia Company and led by English mercenary John Smith, suffered staggeringly high death rates in the early years.

A

Jamestown

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21
Q

was a group of Native American tribes during the 17th century that settled in Virginia. Learn about how they rose in power under Powhatan, how they reacted to English colonists at Jamestown, and how they ended up in decline.

A

powhaten confederacy

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22
Q

what did the powhaten confederacy do to the peoples

A

harsh treatment of the bodies of their victims was symbolic of their contempt for their opponents. The Indians also burned most of the outlying plantations, destroying the livestock and crops. The colonists in Jamestown were in an uproar, stunned by the massacre.

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23
Q

was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia. Married poco

A

John Rolfe

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24
Q

an English soldier, explorer, colonial governor, Admiral of New England, and author. He played an important role in the establishment of the Jamestown colony, the first permanent English settlement in North America, in the early 17th century.

A

John Smith

25
Q

was formed in 1619 by the General Assembly. By its creation, the General Assembly then became bicameral.

A

House of B

26
Q

was a tribal chief within the Powhatan Confederacy of what is now Virginia in the United States, and its paramount chief from sometime after 1618 until his death in 1646. His name meant “He whose Soul is White” in the Algonquian Powhatan language.

A

opechancanough

27
Q

a colony governed directly by the crown through a governor and council appointed by it — compare charter colony, proprietary colony.

A

royal colony

28
Q

was the first Proprietor of the Province of Maryland, ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland and second of the colony of Province of Avalon to its southeast,

A

Lord Baltimore

29
Q

Farms of 30-50 acres owned and farmed by families or male partners, located in North America and Carribean

A

freeholds

30
Q

was a land grant program designed to attract settlers. Tracts of land called “headrights” were offered to settlers who would come and work the land. A typical headright was 50 acres.

A

headright system

31
Q

were men and women who signed a contract (also known as an indenture or a covenant) by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter.

A

indentured servitude

32
Q

is, from the European and northern Atlantic point of view, the sea route to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

A

northwest passage

33
Q

explorer deployed by France to find a Northwest Passage; discovered and mapped the St Lawrence river (1541); wanted to found colony but harsh winter convinced him to return

A

Jaques Cartier

34
Q

explorer and founder of the Quebec, the 1st permanent French settlement in North America; known as’‘Father of New France’’ 1603-1621

A

Samuel D. Champlain

35
Q

a member of a confederation of native North American peoples formerly living in the region east of Lake Huron and now settled mainly in Oklahoma and Quebec

A

Hurons

36
Q

a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island. present day New York City

A

New Amsterdam

37
Q

A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York.

A

New Neatherlands

38
Q

St. Lawerence river, Quebec Expanded into the North American interior (Canada)
Quebec was established as a trading post (fur)
Established Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians
Coureurs de bois – French fur traders

A

New france

39
Q

Iriquois nations

A

Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca

40
Q

Located in central and Western NY
Treaded weapons and goods with the Dutch and French
Remained a strong force in NY

A

iriquois

41
Q

Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of England

A

pilgrams

42
Q

wanted to purify the English Church, NOT separate from it

A

puritans

43
Q

Sought to establish a “City Upon a Hill”

Believed in predestination

A

John Wintrop

44
Q

Advocated separation of church and state, religious toleration, and friendly relations with Indians
Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop

A

Roger Williams

45
Q

separatists and pilgrams

A

plymouth

46
Q

puritans King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

A

MA Bay Colony

47
Q

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

A

Mayflower Compact

48
Q

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

A

William Bradford

49
Q

Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

A

great migration

50
Q

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

A

Anne Hutchinson

51
Q

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts.

A

Joint stock company

52
Q

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

A

Bacon’s rebellion

53
Q

Puritans believed this; God knew before you were born if you were saved

A

Believed in predestination

54
Q

a farmer who cultivates his own land. History/Historical. one of a class of lesser freeholders, below the gentry, who cultivated their own land, early admitted in England to political rights.

A

yeoman society

55
Q

main institution of local government, all property owning free men could vote here in NE

A

town meeting

56
Q

were allied with the Dutch, had conflicts with English settlers
500 men, women, and children were massacred by Indians, New England retaliated harshly and gained land
Some settlers saw smallpox and other diseases that decimated Indians as doing “God’s work” (John Winthrop)

A

Pequots war

57
Q

Metacom (King Philip) was a leader of the Wampanoags

Metacom was eventually killed and Natives were rarely a threat in New England after

A

Metacom’s War

58
Q

was a Puritan missionary to the American Indians whom some called “the apostle to the Indians” and the founder of Roxbury Latin School in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1645.

A

John Eliot

Biology (10 decks)

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