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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organized way of gathering and analysing evidence about the natural world.

A

science

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2
Q

science is

A

provides natural explanations for events in the natural
world

uses explanations to understand patterns in nature

makes useful predictions about natural events.

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3
Q

process of noticing and describing events in a careful, orderly way

A

observation

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4
Q

a logical observation based on prior knowledge and experience

A

inference

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5
Q

possible explanation for a set of observation or possible answer to a scientific question.

A

hypothesis

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6
Q

an experiment in which one variable is changed

A

controlled experiment

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7
Q

factor in an experiment that is deliberately changed, also called the manipulated variable.

A

indep. varible

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8
Q

variable that is observed and changes in response to the independent variable, also called the responding variable.

A

dep. variable

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9
Q

group in the experiment that is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for one independent variable.

A

control group

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10
Q

evidence, information gathered from observations.

A

data

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11
Q

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations.

A

theory

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12
Q

a particular preference or point that is personal, rather than scientific

A

bias

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13
Q

scientific study of life

A

biology

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14
Q

genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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15
Q

signal to which an organism responds.

A

Stimulus (stimuli)

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16
Q

reproduction in which two parent cells unite and form the first cell of a new organism.

A

sexual reproduction

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17
Q

process of reproduction which involves a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

A

asexual reproduction

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18
Q

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain.

A

Homeostasis

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19
Q

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials.

A

metabolism

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20
Q

part of earth in which life exists, including land, water, and air/atmosphere

A

biosphere

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21
Q

science is not

A

a collection of never-changing facts- science changes as facts
change

unchanging beliefs about the world- science based on evidence
not beliefs

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22
Q

science as a way of knowing def.

A

an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence

about the natural world.

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23
Q

science as a way of knowing ex.

A

researchers use science to answer questions about how the
effects that global climate change has on the habitats of organisms in
an envionment

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24
Q

Some scientific “_____” will change soon—if they haven’t changed already

A

facts

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25
Q

Scientific ideas are open to

A

testing, discussion, and revision`

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26
Q

Science deals only with the _______ world.

A

natural

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27
Q

Scientists ______ and ______ information in an orderly way, looking for ______ and connections among events.

A

collect and organize, patterns

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28
Q

propose explanations that are based on ______ and

test those explanations with more ______.

A

evidence

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29
Q

science aims for the best understanding of the _____ _____ that
current methods can reveal

A

natural world

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30
Q

science builds enough __________ to make useful predictions about
the natural world.

A

understanding

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31
Q

Scientific method

A

Inferences & Hypothesis:

Experiment:

Analyze the Results:

Draw Conclusions:

Observations:

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32
Q

the act of noticing and describing events or processes

in a careful, orderly way

A

observation

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33
Q

-observations lead to

A

questions

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34
Q

Observation ex.

A

Researchers observed marsh grass grows taller in some

places than others.

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35
Q

Question ex.

A

Why do marsh grasses

grow to different heights in different places?

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36
Q

logical interpretation based on observations already

known.

A

inference

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37
Q

inference leads to

A

hypothesis

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38
Q

Testing a scientific hypothesis involves designing an experiment that

A

keeps track of various variables:

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39
Q

factors that can change

A

variables

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40
Q

*Whenever possible a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which

A

only 1 variable is changed

all other variables should be kept unchanged, or controlled.

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41
Q

*Whenever possible a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which :

only 1 variable is changed

all other variables should be kept unchanged, or controlled.

this type of experiment is called

A

controlled experiment

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42
Q

why should we control variables

A

if several variables are changed, researchers can’t easily tell which
variable is responsible for any results they observe.

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43
Q

(is manipulated by the scientist) on x-axis

A

independent variable

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44
Q

(responds to the independent variable) on y axis

A

dependent variable

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45
Q

exposed to the independent variable.

A

experimental group

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46
Q

is not exposed to the independent variable

A

control group

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47
Q

scientists (when relating to data)

A

record experimental observations

gather quantitative data and qualitative information/data

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48
Q

numbers obtained by

counting or measuring

A

quantitative data

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49
Q

quantitative data ex.

A 
In the marsh
grass
experiment, it
could include the
number of plants
per plot, plant
sizes, and
growth rates.
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50
Q

descriptive and
involve characteristics that cannot
usually be counted

A

qualitative data

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51
Q

qualitative data characteristics

A 
color, scent, flavor,
prickly/smooth, foreign
objects in the plots, or
whether the grass was
growing upright or
sideways.
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52
Q

tools for scientists

A

metersticks, microscopes, graduated cylinders, probes, models,
computers, etc

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53
Q

help scientists organize their data.

A

charts and graphs

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54
Q

sources of error examples

A

Researchers must be careful to avoid errors in data collection and
analysis.

Tools used can have limited accuracy.

The larger the sample size the more reliably researchers can analyze
variation and evaluate differences between experimental and control
groups.

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55
Q

Scientists use experimental data as:

A

evidence to support, refute or revise the hypothesis and draw a valid
conclusion.

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56
Q 
may caused original
hypothesis to be revised and
experiments redone several times
before a final hypothesis is
supported and conclusions can be
drawn because it is a process.
A

new data

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57
Q

Science is intensely _____

A

social

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58
Q

Researchers share and publish

A

data

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59
Q

Driven by

A

cooperation and competition

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60
Q

times when experiments are not possible

A

Ethics prevents certain types of experiments—especially on

human subjects.

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61
Q

What can scientists do when experiments are not possible

A

In some of these cases, researchers devise hypotheses that

can be tested by observations in different ways.

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62
Q

Ex. when experiments are not possible

A

Animal behavior difficult to study so how animal groups
interact in the wild can be studied by making field observations
that disturb the animals as little as possible.

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63
Q

what do biologists study

A

study life from the molecular level to the

biosphere level.

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64
Q

community of living things plus the

nonliving features of the environment that support them

A

ecosystems

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65
Q

living things

A

organisms

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66
Q

basic unit of living matter; separated from its

environment by a plasma membrane

A

Tissues, Organs, Organ systems

Cells:

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67
Q

unit of inherited information in DNA

A

genes

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68
Q

molecule responsible for inheritance; nucleic acid that

contains the sugar deoxyribose

A

DNA

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69
Q

populations that live together in a defined area

A

community

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70
Q

group of organisms that live in the same area

A

population

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71
Q

smallest functional unit of life

A

cells

72
Q

groups of atoms, smallest unit of most chemical compounds

A

molecules

73
Q

taxa - broadest to most specific

A

Domain

Kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

74
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, eukaryota, archaea

75
Q

Mostly unicellular

prokaryotic

A

Domains Archaea and Domain Bacteria

76
Q

mostly multicellular

eukaryotic

includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals

A

Domain Eukarya

77
Q

the heart of science.

A

Scientific methodology

78
Q

operate in the context of the

scientific community and society at large.

A

Science and scientists

79
Q

Scientific methodology is

closely linked to

A

exploration and discovery

80
Q

Scientific methodology starts
with _________ and
questions and may be
inspired in several ways.

A

observations

81
Q

Which scientific attitudes help generate new ideas?

A

Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, creativity

82
Q

Often, results from previous studies also spark curiosity

and lead to new questions.

A

Curiosity

83
Q

Questioning existing ideas and hypotheses, and refusing to
accept explanations without evidence. So design new
experiments to be tested.

A

skepticism

84
Q

means that they are willing to
accept different ideas that may not agree with
their hypothesis

A

open-mindedness

85
Q

Researchers need to think creatively to
design experiments that yield accurate
data.

A

creativity

86
Q

ideas for scientific investigations arise from _______
_________ which inspires scientific questions, hypotheses, and
experiments.

A

practical

87
Q

practical problems example

A

people living on a strip of land along a coast may face flooding and
other problems. How can flooding be prevented in coastal homes?

88
Q

__________,__________,and ________ are closely linked.

A

Technology, science, and society are closely linked.

89
Q

Discoveries in fields of science may lead to

A

Discoveries in fields of science may lead to new technologies enabling
new questions or gathering data in new ways in other fields of science.

90
Q

Technological advances can also affect .

A

daily life

91
Q

tech advances ex.

A

In genetics and biotechnology, substances can now be

mass-produced—such as vitamins, antibiotics, and hormones.

92
Q

Why is peer review important?

A

Publishing peer-reviewed articles in scientific
journals allows researchers to share ideas and to
test and evaluate each other’s work.

93
Q

Scientists communicate their findings

by

A

publishing articles that have
undergone peer review by anonymous,
independent experts to ensure high
quality.

94
Q

reviewers

A

read them looking for:
oversights,

unfair influences,

fraud,

mistakes in techniques or reasoning.

95
Q

Logical and important questions lead to

A

new hypotheses that should

be tested by controlled experiments.

96
Q

example to tested hypothesis

A

Ex. Limitation of growth of salt marsh grasses by available nitrogen
suggests that nitrogen might be a limiting nutrient for mangroves and
other plants in similar habitats.

97
Q

well-tested explanation that unifies a
broad range of observations and hypotheses and
enables scientists to make accurate predictions about
new situations.

A

scientific theroy

98
Q

theory facts

A

no theory is considered absolute truth

as new evidence is uncovered, a theory may be revised or
replaced

theories become the dominant view among most scientists

99
Q

What is the relationship between science and society?

A

Using science involves understanding its context in society and its
limitations.

100
Q

Many questions that affect our lives require _______ _______ to
answer, and may inspire important research but the questions cannot
be answered by science alone.

A

scientific information

101
Q

involve the society in which we live, our economy,

and our laws and moral principles.

A

scientific questions

102
Q

sf question

A

researchers test shellfish for toxins that can poison humans.
Should shellfish be routinely screened for toxins?

103
Q

does not include
ethical or moral viewpoints therefore
involves only explaining natural
phenomena.

A

pure science

104
Q

can tell us how technology
and scientific knowledge can be
applied, but not whether it should be
applied in certain ways.

A

science

105
Q

Science aims to be ______, but sometimes scientific data can be
misinterpreted or misapplied by scientists who want to prove a particular
point.

A

objective

106
Q

Don’t just memorize scientific facts and ideas.

Try to ________ how scientists developed those ideas and the
thinking behind the experiments therefore we should try to pose the
kinds of questions scientists ask.

A

understand

107
Q 
Scientists make
 about big
public policy decisions, but voting
citizens influence public policy by
casting ballots.
A

recommendations

108
Q

What 8 characteristics do all living

things share?

A

are made of basic units called cells

are based on a universal genetic code
(DNA)

obtain and use materials and energy

grow and develop

reproduce

respond to their environment

maintain a stable internal environment

change over time

109
Q

No single __________ is enough to describe a

living thing

A

characteristic

110
Q

Some non-living things also share ______ ___ _______

traits with organisms.

A

one or more

111
Q

are the the smallest units considered fully

alive.

A

cells

112
Q

cells are complex and and can be arranged into

levels of

A

organization

113
Q

cell order

A

cells- tissues- organs—organ systems- organism

114
Q

(the _______ ________ copied and passed from parent to offspring and is
almost identical in every organism on Earth)

A

(the genetic codeis copied and passed from parent to offspring and is
almost identical in every organism on Earth)

115
Q

chemical reactions that occur when

building and breaking down molecules

A

metabolism

116
Q

the initial source of energy for all life

A

the sun

117
Q

a metabolic reaction in which the sun’s energy is

harnessed to make food for all other life

A

photosynthesis

118
Q

another metabolic reaction in which ingested

food is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP

A

cellular respiration

119
Q

During development, a single fertilized ____ divides.

A

egg

120
Q

As these cells divide, they ________, which means they begin to
become different from one another in structure and function.

A

differentiate

121
Q

As cells increase in number the organism grows ______

A

larger.

122
Q

organisms produce ________.

A

offspring

123
Q

Most plants and animals engage in ______ _________, in which cells from two parents unite to
form the first cell of a new organism.

A

flexual

reproduction

124
Q

Some organisms reproduce _______

in which an organism produces an offspring by itself

A

asexually

125
Q

Organisims React to changes , aka ______ , in their surroundings

A

stimuli

126
Q

a signal to which an organism responds

such as light, sound, etc

A

stimuli

127
Q

stimuli ex.

A

some plants produce unsavory chemicals to

ward off caterpillars that feed on their leaves.

128
Q

All living organisms expend
energy to keep conditions inside their cells within
certain limits even though external conditions
change dramatically.

A

homeostasis

129
Q

homeostasis ex.

A

temperature changes as we get hot vs cold

130
Q

Over generations, groups of organisms (species)

______, or change slowly over time.

A

evolve

131
Q

Evolutionary change links all forms of life to a

common origin more than ___ billion years ago.

A

3.5

132
Q

Evidence of this shared history is found in all aspects

of organisms as evidenced by

A

fossils, physical
features, structures of proteins, sequences of
information in DNA.

133
Q

central theme of bio

A

The interlocking big ideas that the study of biology revolves around,
some of which overlap with the characteristics of life

134
Q

Living things like bacteria, protists, and fungi that are made of one
cell are called

A

unicellular

135
Q

Living things are made of

A

cells

136
Q

Plants and animals with many cells are called

A

multicellular

137
Q

Cells
in multicellular organisms differentiate as evidenced by many their
different _____,_______,and _________.

A

sizes, shapes, and functions

138
Q

Cell theory: 3 parts

A

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Cells come from existing cells.

139
Q

Living things are based on a

A

universal genetic code (DNA).

140
Q

The DNA inside your cells can influence your future—including your

A

genetic diseases and conditions (cancer, cholesterol, etc) and the traits
of your children.

141
Q

Life requires

A

Life requires matter that serves as nutrients to build body structures,
and energy that fuels life’s processes.

142
Q

Some organisms, such as plants, obtain energy from sunlight and take
up nutrients from ___,_____,and ______l.

A

air, water, and soil.

143
Q

Other organisms, including most animals, ____ plants or other animals
to obtain both nutrients and energy.

A

eat

144
Q

The need for matter and energy link all living things on Earth in a web
of interdependent relationships.

A

(food web and energy pyramid)

145
Q

All living things ________. Newly produced individuals grow and
develop as they mature.

A

reproduce

146
Q

During growth and development, generalized cells typically

A

differentiate and become specialized for particular functions.

147
Q

specialized cells

A

tissues, such as brains, muscles, and

digestive organs, that serve various functions.

148
Q

Living things maintain a relatively stable

A

internal environment

149
Q

For most organisms, any breakdown of homeostasis may have

serious or even fatal consequences.

A

diabetes, osteoporosis, etc

150
Q

the central organizing principle of all

biological and biomedical sciences.

A

evolutionary theory

151
Q

use structures that have evolved into different forms as

species have adapted to life in different environments.

A

organisims

152
Q

Each major group of organisms has evolved its own collection of
________ that have evolved in ways that make particular functions
possible.

A

structures

153
Q

Yet, all living things are

fundamentally similar at the _______ level.

A

molecular

154
Q

All organisms are

A

composed of a common set of carbon-based
molecules, store information in a common genetic code, and use
proteins to build their structures and carry out their functions.

155
Q

All forms of life on Earth are connected into a _______, or “living
planet.”

A

biosphere

156
Q

Within the biosphere, organisms are linked to one another and to the

A

land, water, and air

157
Q

Relationships between organisms and their environments depend on

A

the cycling of matter and the flow of energy.

158
Q

The job of science is to

A 
use
observations, questions, and
experiments to explain the natural
world in terms of natural forces and
events.
159
Q

Successful scientific research

reveals

A

rules and patterns that can
explain and predict at least some
events in nature.

160
Q

How do different fields of biology differ in their approach to
studying life?

A

Biology includes many overlapping fields that use different tools
to study life from the level of molecules to the entire planet.

161
Q

Life on Earth is shaped by

A

weather patterns and processes in the

atmosphere that we are just beginning to understand.

162
Q

Activities of living organisms—including humans—profoundly affect

A

atmosphere and climate

163
Q

enabling us to learn about our global

impact, which affects all life on Earth.

A

global ecological studies

164
Q

ex. of global eco study

A

Ex. an ecologist may monitor lichens in a forest in efforts to study
the effects of air pollution on forest health.

165
Q

based on our ability to “edit” and rewrite the genetic

code.

A

biotechnology

166
Q

We may soon learn to correct or replace damaged _____ that cause
inherited diseases or genetically engineer bacteria to clean up toxic
wastes.

A

genes

167
Q

biotechnology

A

raises enormous ethical, legal, and social questions.

168
Q

About __ million different kinds of living organisms have been
researched and catalogued.

A

1.8

169
Q

Somewhere between _ and ____ million more forms of life are yet to
be discovered.

A

2-100 mil

170
Q

biologists combine the latest genetic information with computer
technology to organize all living things into a

A

tree of life

171
Q

The relationships between hosts and pathogens are

A

dynamic and constantly changing

172
Q

Organisms that cause human disease have their own ______,
which involves our bodies, medicines we take, and our interactions
with each other and the environment. Understanding these
interactions is crucial to safeguarding our future.

A

ecology

173
Q

ex. of disease

A

Ex a wildlife biologist studies a group of wild gelada baboons.
Pathogens in wild animal populations may evolve to infect
humans.

174
Q

Both of these fields focus on studies of DNA and other molecules
inside cells.

A

Genomics and Molecular Biology

175
Q

enable researchers to compare vast
databases of genetic information in search of keys to the mysteries
of growth, development, aging, cancer, and the history of life on
Earth.

A

Computer analyses

176
Q

How is the metric system important in science?

A

Most scientists use the metric system when collecting data and
performing experiments.

Biology (10 decks)

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