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Biology > Chapter 2.3-2.4 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2.3-2.4 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is Carbon important to life

A

Carbon skeletons can form many diverse, large, and complex

shapes with single, double or triple bonds

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2
Q

What properties does carbon have to uniquely bond

A 
carbon has 6
electrons…two
in the 1st
energy level or
shell and 4
valence in the
outermost shell
so… Carbon can bond with up to 4 other atoms simultaneously
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3
Q

What atoms/elements can carbon bond with

A

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, halogens

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4
Q

What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?

A

Inorganic molecules- inorganic chemistry

Molecules that do NOT contain carbon bonded to
hydrogen

Found in living organisms AND in nonliving areas of
ecosystems

acids

Organic molecules are the foundation of life- organic
chemistry

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5
Q

Give examples of inorganic molecules.

A

Exs. H2O, CO2, O2, ozone (O3)

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6
Q

What are the 4 groups of organic macromolecules.

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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7
Q

What is the difference between monomers and polymers?

A

Monomers are the individual subunits.

Polymers are made of many monomers. Larger.

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8
Q

What is the chemical reaction called in which monomers are joined to form polymers?
Is water added or removed in this reaction?

A

(dehydration reaction), removed

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9
Q

What is the chemical reaction called in which polymers break down (AKA digestion) to
form monomers? Is water added or removed in this reaction?

A

(hydrolysis reaction), added

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10
Q

What are the 3 functional groups attached to organic molecules and which group of
organic molecules are each found in?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
OH-Hydroxyl group (Carbohydrates), O=C - Carbonyl group (lipids, proteins), O=C-HO - carboxyl group(proteins), H-N-H - Amino group

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11
Q 
What are all the monomers and polymers for each of the groups of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
A

Types of Organic Molecules Monomers Polymers
Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates or monocarbohydrates (glucose) Complex Carbohydrate or polycarbohydrates (starch)
Lipids Fatty acids Saturated fats Polyunsaturated fats fatty acids chains and glycerol.
Proteins Amino Acids Peptides & Proteins
Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids DNA & RNA

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12
Q

What is the function of each of the groups of organic molecules?How do their structures
relate to their functions?
Carbohydrates

A

Function: Main energy source of cell and for structural purposes
(ex: cell wall & exoskeletons), can breakdown to produce
sugars for immediate energy

Carbon skeleton shape= ring(s)

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13
Q

What are examples of the various carbohydrates called monosaccharides, disaccharides,
and polysaccharides? What letters do carbohydrate names end in?

A 
mono - (exs. simple sugars like
glucose, galactose, fructose)
di - (exs lactose,
sucrose, maltose)
poly - (exs. starch,
cellulose and glycogen)-

-ose

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14
Q

All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 . How is this possible?

A

Each atom in this molecule has covalent bonds, which means they share their electrons with each other to fulfill their electron needs

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15
Q

What is the difference between starch, cellulose, and glycogen in terms of what kinds of
organisms produce them and what each is used for?

A

glycogen - stores energy in turkey muscle cells
startch - stores energy in potato cells
cellulose - makes broccoli stem fibers ridgid

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16
Q

Insulation, waterproof coating, and prevention of water loss are additional functions of
which group of organic molecules?

A

lipids

17
Q

What is the difference between saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids
in lipids in terms of structure and bonding as well as which is healthiest vs least healthy
and phase of matter they are in at room temperature?

A

sat. fats - (solid at room temp), contain fatty acids, single bond
unsat fats - has one double bond between carbons,, liquid at room temp
Polyunsaturated has more than 1 double bond between carbons
unsat fats are healthier

18
Q

How are phospholipids and triglycerides structurally different?

A

Phospholipids differ only slightly from triglycerides in chemical structure. While each triglyceride molecule consists of glycerol and three fatty acids, each phospholipid molecule substitutes a phosphate for one of the three fatty acids. Phospholipids form the membrane that make up the outer layer of all human cell

19
Q

Cell membranes are made of 2 layers of phospholipids (AKA bilayer). Which part of a
phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic? Which part is hydrophobic? And what do those
terms mean?

A

“hydrophilic head”

“hydrophobic tails”

20
Q

Steroids are also considered as lipids. Cholesterol is a steroid and so are chemical
messengers called hormones. Give several examples of hormones that are
steroids/lipids.

A

cholesterol (found in cell membranes) and sex hormones

21
Q

What makes the 20 different amino acids unique from one another?

A

Amino acids differ in their side groups, or R groups

What makes amino acids different, some acidic, some
basic, some polar, some nonpolar, some rings

22
Q

Which kinds of bonds are used to bind amino acids together in a polypeptide chain?

A

peptide bonds in

polypeptides

23
Q

What is the structural difference between primary, secondary and tertiary proteins in
terms of the arrangement of their polypeptide chain(s)?

A

primary - sequence of a chain in amino acid
secondary - local folding on the polypeptide chain into sheets
tertiary protein - 3d folding pattern of a protien due to side chain interactions

24
Q

Nucleic acids provide instructions for making what other group of organic molecules?

A

DNA/RNA

25
Q

What are the 3 components of the monomer of a nucleic acid called a nucleotide?

A

Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate,

group, and a nitrogen base.

26
Q

Be able to identify monomers and polymers of each of the 4 groups of organic
molecules by structural formula: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (AKA

starch), triglyceride containing saturated fatty acids, triglyceride containing unsaturated
fatty acids, phospholipid, nucleic acid, nucleotide, amino acid, polypeptide, steroid.

A

physical

27
Q

Enzymes are what type of organic molecule?

A

proteins

28
Q

What letters do enzyme names end in?

A

-lase

29
Q

Enzymes are catalysts. What does that mean?

A

compound that speed up reactions by

lowering their activation energies

30
Q

How do enzymes affect activation energy?

A

(lowering
the activation energy needed for chemical reactions to occur
in cells) make slow reactions occur faster

31
Q

What is a substrate?

A

reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

32
Q

Can enzymes or substrates be reused? Why or why not?

A

is process will keep going until there are no more substrates to bind to. “In enzyme reactions, as in all chemical reactions, matter and energy are conserved.” “In living things, enzymes are not used up once they catalyze a particular reaction, they may be reused.”

33
Q

What kinds of reactions occur to the substrates as a result of enzymes?

A

exthermic

34
Q

What is the difference between exergonic/exothermic and endergonic/ endothermic
reactions in terms of substrates, activation energy, need for enzymes, whether energy is
absorbed vs released?

A

Endothermic
Energy-Absorbing Reaction

Exothermic
Energy-Releasing Reaction

35
Q

Why are enzymes said to work in a lock and key fashion?

A

Enzymes are reaction specific due to their unique shapes

Enzymes fit together specifically with the substrates

36
Q

What happens to the lock and key model when a protein or enzyme denatures and what
does it lead to?

A

A denatured protein cannot function

37
Q

Data from catalase experiment: what was the enzyme vs substrate in the lab, What
chemical reaction occurred, why the substrate bubbles when the enzyme was added,
why the substrate stops bubbling, what causes denaturation of the enzyme

A 
enzyme - catalase
protien - hydrogen peroxide
bubbles, oxygen released
stops, substrate used up
denaturation, high temp, high pH

Biology (10 decks)

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