Chapter 23 Flashcards
0
Q
Proto-industrialization
A
- Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe
- workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants
- prelude to industrial revolution
1
Q
Population Revolution
A
- Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730
- prelude to industrial revolution
- population of France increased 50%, England and Prussia 100%
2
Q
American Revolution
A
- Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783
- resulted in independence and for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America
3
Q
French Revolution
A
- Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800
- resulted in overthrow of bourbon monarchy and old regimes
- ended with establishment of French empire under Napoleon Bonaparte
- source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe
4
Q
Louis XVI
A
-Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution
5
Q
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
A
- Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789)
- stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens
- later became a political source for other liberal movements
6
Q
Guillotine
A
- Introduced as a method of humane execution
- utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror
7
Q
Maximilian Robespierre
A
- Leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution
- sponsored the Reign of Terror
- he was arrested and guillotined
8
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
- Rose within the French army during the French Revolution
- eventually became general
- led a coupe that ended the French Revolution
- established French empire under his rule
- defeated and exiled in 1815
9
Q
Congress of Vienna
A
-Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes
10
Q
Liberalism
A
- Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century
- stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government
- urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
11
Q
Radicals
A
- Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century
- advocated broader voting rights than liberals
- in some cases advocated outright democracy
- urged reforms in favor of the lower classes
12
Q
Socialism
A
- Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century
- urged an attack on private property in the name of equality
- wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man
13
Q
Nationalism
A
- Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts
- an extreme of this»_space; marked by superiority over other countries
14
Q
Greek Revolution
A
- Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820
- key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans
15
Q
French Revolution of 1830
A
- Installed a different king
- produced a somewhat more liberal monarchy
16
Q
Belgian Revolution of 1830
A
-Produced a liberal regime and a newly independent nation
17
Q
Reform Bill of 1832
A
- A response to popular agitation
- gave the parliamentary vote to most middle-class men
- did not extend the vote to workers and led to further political protest
- took place in England
18
Q
James Watt
A
- Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer
- renowned for his improvements in steam engine technology
19
Q
Factory system
A
- A method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the industrial revolution
- based on the concentration of industry into specialized and often large establishments
- replaced the domestic system
20
Q
French Revolution of 1848
A
- Caused by popular discontent with Louis Phillipe
- radical republicans managed to get provisional government to pass socialist programs
- military turned against the lower class agitators
- the National Workshop only provided more problems and discontent
21
Q
Revolutions of 1848
A
- Liberal protesters rose up against the conservative establishment
- moderate liberals pushed actively for extension of suffrage through their “banquet campaign”
- Louis-Phillippe attempted reform
- overthrow of monarchy led to protest
- these revolutions didn’t get Europe anywhere, nothing came of them
22
Q
Louis Pasteur
A
- Discoverer of germs
- discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by 1880s
23
Q
Benjamin Disraeli
A
- Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century
- took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867
- typical of conservative politician making has of popular politics
24
Q
Camillo Di Cavour
A
- Architect of Italian unification in 1858
- formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy
- resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king
25
Q
Otto von Bismarck
A
- Conservative prime minister of Prussia
- architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870
- utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes
26
Q
American Civil War (1861-1865)
A
- Fought from 1861 to 1865
- first application of industrial revolution to warfare
- resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of north and south
27
Q
Social question
A
- Issues relating to repressed classes in Western Europe during the industrial revolution, particularly workers and women
- became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870
28
Q
Karl Marx
A
- German socialist of the mid-19th century
- blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian
- saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production
- preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship
29
Q
Revisionism
A
- Socialist movements that at lest tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine
- believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions
30
Q
Feminist movements
A
- Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education
- came to concentrate on right to vote
- won support particularly from middle-class women
- active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century
- revived in light of other issues in the 1960s
31
Q
Mass leisure culture
A
- An aspect of the later industrial revolution
- based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports
32
Q
Charles Darwin
A
- Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859)
- argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival
33
Q
Albert Einstein
A
- Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles
- after 1900 issued theory of relativity
34
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
- Viennese physician (19th-20th centuries)
- developed theories of the working of the human subconscious
- argued that behavior is determined by impulses
35
Q
Romanticism
A
- Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe
- held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature
- sought to portray passions, not calm reflections
36
Q
American exceptionalism
A
- The theory that the United States is qualitatively different from other nation states
- based on liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, republicanism, populism, and laissez-faire
37
Q
Triple Alliance
A
- Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century
- part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I
38
Q
Triple Entente
A
- Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century
- part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I
39
Q
Balkan nationalism
A
- Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire
- provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system
- eventually led to World War I
