Chapter 17 Flashcards
0
Q
Niccolo Machiavelli
A
- Author of “The Prince” (16th century)
- emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power
- one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance
1
Q
Italian Renaissance
A
- Italy was the center of initial Renaissance culture
- had more contact with Roman tradition than did the rest of Europe
- led the west in banking and trade
- helped revive Greco-Roman styles
2
Q
Humanism
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- Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor
- method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages
3
Q
Northern Renaissance
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- The movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones
- emphasized critical thinking, developed Christian humanism criticizing the church & society, painting/woodcuts/literature.
4
Q
Francis I
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- King of France in the 16th century
- regarded as Renaissance monarch
- patron of the arts
- imposed new controls on Catholic Church
- ally of ottoman sultan against holy roman emperor
5
Q
Johannes Gutenberg
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- Introduced movable type to Western Europe in the 15th century
- credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets
6
Q
European-style family
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-Originated in 15th century among peasant and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married
7
Q
Martin Luther
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- German monk
- initiated Protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church
- emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic Church
- accepted state control of church
8
Q
Protestantism
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- General wave of religious dissent against Catholic Church
- generally held to have begun with Martin Luther’s attack on catholic beliefs in 1517
- included many varieties of religious belief
9
Q
Anglican Church
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- Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534
- established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife
- became increasingly Protestant following Henry’s death
10
Q
Jean Calvin
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- French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination
- established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva
- encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education
- Calvinism spread from Switzerland to Northern Europe and North America
11
Q
Catholic Reformation
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- Restatement of traditional catholic beliefs in response to Protestant reformation (16th century)
- established councils that revived catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs
12
Q
Jesuits
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- A new religious order founded during the catholic reformation
- active in politics, education, and missionary works
- sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia
13
Q
Edict of Nantes
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- Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598
- granted only after lengthy civil war between catholic and Protestant factions
14
Q
Thirty Years War
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- War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain
- ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia
15
Q
Treaty of Westphalia
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- Ended Thirty Years’ War in 1648
- granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or catholic
16
Q
English Civil War
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- Conflict from 1640 to 1660
- featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy
- ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
17
Q
Proletariat
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- Class of working people without access to producing property
- typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor
- in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries
18
Q
Witchcraft persecution
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- Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth
- resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650
- particularly common in Protestant areas
19
Q
Scientific Revolution
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- Culminated in 17th century
- period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations
- resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages
20
Q
Copernicus
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- Polish monk and astronomer (16th century)
- disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe
21
Q
Johannes Kepler
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- Resolved basic issues of planetary motion
- practiced astrology & casted horoscopes for wealthy patrons
- worked on optics
22
Q
Galileo
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- Published Copernicus’ findings (17th century)
- added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion
- condemned by the Catholic Church for his work
23
Q
William Harvey
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-English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump
24
Q
René Descartes
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- Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century)
- argued that human reason could the develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature
25
Q
Isaac Newton
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- English scientist during the 17th century
- author of “Principia”
- drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws
- established principles of motion
- defined forces of gravity
26
Q
Deism
A
- Concept of God current during the scientific revolution
- role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun
27
Q
John Locke
A
- English philosopher during the 17th century
- argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason
- argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings
- offered possibility of revolution to other throw tyrants
28
Q
Absolute monarchy
A
- Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century
- featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies
29
Q
Louis XIV
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-French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy
30
Q
Glorious Revolution
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- English overthrow of James II in 1688
- resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king
31
Q
Frederick the Great
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- Prussian king of the 18th century
- attempted to introduce enlightenment reforms into Germany
- built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors
- introduced freedom of religion
- increased state control of economy
32
Q
Enlightenment
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- Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century
- featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society
- belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
33
Q
Adam Smith
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- Established liberal economics (“Wealth of Nations,” 1776)
- argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces
34
Q
Mary Wollstonecraft
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- Enlightenment feminist thinker in England
- argued that new political rights should extend to women
