Chapter 22: Respiratory System Lecture Outline Flashcards
Consists of a system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs
Respiratory system
Which two systems work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide?
The respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Why do we need O2?
Mitochondria; ATP - need oxygen to make adenosine triphosphate
Why are we producing CO2?
Byproduct as ATP is being produced
Functions of respiration include:
Gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance, helps produce angiotensin II, produce pressure gradients to help blood and lymph flow, filters small clots, and valsalva maneuver assists in urination, childbirth, and defecation
The conducting division of the respiratory system includes:
- those passages that serve only for airflow
- no gas exchange
- nasal cavity through terminal bronchioles
The respiratory division of the respiratory system consists of:
alveoli and other gas exchange regions
The upper respiratory tract is located in the
head and neck
The lower respiratory tract is located in the
organs of the thorax
Functions of the nose:
- warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
- detects odors
- serves as a resonating chamber
The nose extends from
nostrils (nares) to posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
Facial part is shaped by bone and what cartilage?
The nose
hyaline cartilage
Divides the nasal cavity:
nasal septum
The nasal conchae include the:
superior, middle, and inferior
Narrow air passage beneath each conchae:
meatus
Meatus characteristics:
- narrowness and turbulence ensure that most air contacts mucous membranes
- cleans, warms, and moistens the air
What lines most of the nasal cavity?
Respiratory epithelium
Cells that secrete mucus and cilia propel the mucus posteriorly toward the pharynx
Goblet cells
Three regions of the pharynx:
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
Region of the pharynx that is posterior to nasal apertures and above the soft palate; receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil
nasopharynx
Region of the pharynx spaced between the soft palate and epiglottis; contains palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
oropharynx
Region of the pharynx from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage; esophagus begins at that point
laryngopharynx
Which regions of the pharynx are shared with the digestive system?
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
Region of the pharynx that passes only air and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nasopharynx
Regions of the pharynx that pass air, food, and drink, and are lined by stratified squamous epithelium
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
Muscles of the pharynx assist in:
swallowing and speech
this is where the hyoid bone comes in
AKA the voicebox; cartilaginous chamber about 4cm (1.5 in) long
Larynx
Primary functions of the larynx are to:
keep food and drink out of the airway and sound production
Flap of tissue that closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it
Epiglottis
What structure in the larynx play a greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway?
Vestibular Folds
How many cartilages make up the framework of the larynx?
Nine
The first three cartilages of the larynx that are solitary and relatively large:
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
Spoon-shaped supportive plate; most superior cartilage of the larynx
(Elastic cartilage)
Epiglottis
largest, laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple); shield-shaped
(testosterone stimulates growth so this is larger in males)
(Hyaline cartilage)
Thryoid cartilage
connects the larynx to the trachea, ring like
Hyaline cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Three smaller, paired cartilages in the larynx:
- arytenoid cartilages (2)
- corniculate cartilages (2)
- cuneiform cartilages (2)
Suspends the larynx from hyoid and hold it together
Ligaments
The interior wall of the larynx has two folds:
- superior vestibular folds
- inferior vocal folds
Superior vestibular folds:
- play no role in speech
- close the larynx during swallowing
Inferior vocal folds:
- produce sound when air passes between them
- covered with stratified squamous epithelium
- glottis
the vocal cords and the opening between them
“true vocal cords”
Glottis
Air forced between vocal folds vibrates them
Sound production
When cords are taut, it produces
high-pitched sounds
When cords are slack, it produces
low-pitched sounds
Adult male vocal cords are usually longer and thicker; vibrate more slowly and so produce
lower-pitched sound
determined by the force of air passing between them
Loudness
a rigid tube about 12cm (4.5in) long and 2.5cm (1in) in diameter
- also called the windpipe
Trachea
Location of the trachea:
anterior to the esophagus
The trachea is supported by 16-20 C-shaped rings of what kind of cartilage?
(Helps prevent collapse)
Hyaline cartilage
The opening of the rings in the trachea faces posteriorly toward the esophagus which allows room for:
the esophagus to expand as swallowed food passes by
The mucosa of the trachea are composed of:
- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- mucociliary escalator
The trachea is composed of:
- Mucosa
- Middle tracheal layer (submucosa)
- Adventitia
End of the trachea forks into:
right and left main (primary) bronchi
Inferior concave portion resting on the diaphragm
The lung
Base
Tip that projects just above the clavicle
The lung
Apex
Pressed against the ribcage
The lung
Costal surface
Faces medially toward the heart
The lung
Mediastinal surface
Slit through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
Hilum
Right Lung:
- shorter than the left lung
- has three lobes; superior, middle, and inferior separated by horizontal and oblique fissure
Left Lung:
- tall and narrow
- has two lobes; superior and inferior separated by a single oblique fissure
- has indentation; cardiac impression (cardiac notch is anterior portion of cardiac impression)
a branching system of air tubes (from main bronchus to 65,000 terminal bronchioles)
Bronchial tree
- supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
- enters the lungs
Main (primary) bronchi
- supported by cartilage plates
- enters the lobes
Lobar (secondary) bronchi
The three right lobar (secondary) bronchi:
superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi
The two left lobar bronchi:
superior and inferior
- supported by cartilage plates
- 10 on right, 8 on left
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
- segmental bronchi enter this
- functionally independent unit of the lung tissue
Bronchopulmonary segment
All bronchi are lined with:
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
The bronchial tree have MALT:
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
The bronchial tree contains a smooth muscle layer that regulates airflow;
Will constriction of airway increase or decrease airflow?
Decrease
Each bronchiole enters a:
pulmonary lobule
