Chapter 22: Respiratory System Lecture Outline Flashcards by Raissa Rico

Consists of a system of tubes that delivers air to the lungs

Respiratory system

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Which two systems work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide?

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems

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Why do we need O2?

Mitochondria; ATP - need oxygen to make adenosine triphosphate

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Why are we producing CO2?

Byproduct as ATP is being produced

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Functions of respiration include:

Gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance, helps produce angiotensin II, produce pressure gradients to help blood and lymph flow, filters small clots, and valsalva maneuver assists in urination, childbirth, and defecation

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The conducting division of the respiratory system includes:

those passages that serve only for airflow
no gas exchange
nasal cavity through terminal bronchioles

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The respiratory division of the respiratory system consists of:

alveoli and other gas exchange regions

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The upper respiratory tract is located in the

head and neck

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The lower respiratory tract is located in the

organs of the thorax

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Functions of the nose:

warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
detects odors
serves as a resonating chamber

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The nose extends from

nostrils (nares) to posterior nasal apertures (choanae)

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Facial part is shaped by bone and what cartilage?

The nose

hyaline cartilage

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Divides the nasal cavity:

nasal septum

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The nasal conchae include the:

superior, middle, and inferior

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Narrow air passage beneath each conchae:

meatus

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Meatus characteristics:

narrowness and turbulence ensure that most air contacts mucous membranes
cleans, warms, and moistens the air

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What lines most of the nasal cavity?

Respiratory epithelium

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Cells that secrete mucus and cilia propel the mucus posteriorly toward the pharynx

Goblet cells

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Three regions of the pharynx:

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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Region of the pharynx that is posterior to nasal apertures and above the soft palate; receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsil

nasopharynx

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Region of the pharynx spaced between the soft palate and epiglottis; contains palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils

oropharynx

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Region of the pharynx from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage; esophagus begins at that point

laryngopharynx

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Which regions of the pharynx are shared with the digestive system?

oropharynx

- laryngopharynx

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Region of the pharynx that passes only air and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

nasopharynx

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Regions of the pharynx that pass air, food, and drink, and are lined by stratified squamous epithelium

- oropharynx | - laryngopharynx

Muscles of the pharynx assist in:

swallowing and speech | this is where the hyoid bone comes in

AKA the voicebox; cartilaginous chamber about 4cm (1.5 in) long

Larynx

Primary functions of the larynx are to:

keep food and drink out of the airway and sound production

Flap of tissue that closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it

Epiglottis

What structure in the larynx play a greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway?

Vestibular Folds

How many cartilages make up the framework of the larynx?

Nine

The first three cartilages of the larynx that are solitary and relatively large:

- Epiglottis - Thyroid cartilage - Cricoid cartilage

Spoon-shaped supportive plate; most superior cartilage of the larynx (Elastic cartilage)

Epiglottis

largest, laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple); shield-shaped (testosterone stimulates growth so this is larger in males) (Hyaline cartilage)

Thryoid cartilage

connects the larynx to the trachea, ring like | Hyaline cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Three smaller, paired cartilages in the larynx:

- arytenoid cartilages (2) - corniculate cartilages (2) - cuneiform cartilages (2)

Suspends the larynx from hyoid and hold it together

Ligaments

The interior wall of the larynx has two folds:

- superior vestibular folds | - inferior vocal folds

Superior vestibular folds:

- play no role in speech | - close the larynx during swallowing

Inferior vocal folds:

- produce sound when air passes between them - covered with stratified squamous epithelium - glottis

the vocal cords and the opening between them | "true vocal cords"

Glottis

Air forced between vocal folds vibrates them

Sound production

When cords are taut, it produces

high-pitched sounds

When cords are slack, it produces

low-pitched sounds

Adult male vocal cords are usually longer and thicker; vibrate more slowly and so produce

lower-pitched sound

determined by the force of air passing between them

Loudness

a rigid tube about 12cm (4.5in) long and 2.5cm (1in) in diameter - also called the windpipe

Trachea

Location of the trachea:

anterior to the esophagus

The trachea is supported by 16-20 C-shaped rings of what kind of cartilage? (Helps prevent collapse)

Hyaline cartilage

The opening of the rings in the trachea faces posteriorly toward the esophagus which allows room for:

the esophagus to expand as swallowed food passes by

The mucosa of the trachea are composed of:

- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium | - mucociliary escalator

The trachea is composed of:

- Mucosa - Middle tracheal layer (submucosa) - Adventitia

End of the trachea forks into:

right and left main (primary) bronchi

Inferior concave portion resting on the diaphragm | The lung

Base

Tip that projects just above the clavicle | The lung

Apex

Pressed against the ribcage | The lung

Costal surface

Faces medially toward the heart | The lung

Mediastinal surface

Slit through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Hilum

Right Lung:

- shorter than the left lung | - has three lobes; superior, middle, and inferior separated by horizontal and oblique fissure

Left Lung:

- tall and narrow - has two lobes; superior and inferior separated by a single oblique fissure - has indentation; cardiac impression (cardiac notch is anterior portion of cardiac impression)

a branching system of air tubes (from main bronchus to 65,000 terminal bronchioles)

Bronchial tree

- supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings | - enters the lungs

Main (primary) bronchi

- supported by cartilage plates | - enters the lobes

Lobar (secondary) bronchi

The three right lobar (secondary) bronchi:

superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi

The two left lobar bronchi:

superior and inferior

- supported by cartilage plates | - 10 on right, 8 on left

Segmental (tertiary) bronchi

- segmental bronchi enter this | - functionally independent unit of the lung tissue

Bronchopulmonary segment

All bronchi are lined with:

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

The bronchial tree have MALT:

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

The bronchial tree contains a smooth muscle layer that regulates airflow; Will constriction of airway increase or decrease airflow?

Decrease

Each bronchiole enters a:

pulmonary lobule