Chapter 22 Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the major functions of the respiratory system?
Supply O2
Remove CO2
Remove Heat
Vocalization
What are the steps of the respiratory cycle?
- Pulmonary Ventilation (Inhalation/exhalation)
- External Respiration
- Transportation of gases
- Internal Respiration
What is Pulmonary Ventilation?
air flowing into the lungs during inhalation, and air flowing out of the lungs during exhalation
BREATHING
What is External Respiration?
oxygen diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the alveolar air (lung to blood/blood to lung)
What is the Transportation of gases?
Gases are transferred into the blood
What is Internal Respiration?
Gas exchange between blood and tissues
O2 to tissues
CO2 to blood
The respiratory system is divided up into what parts?
Upper and Lower Respiratory System
What are the functions of the Upper Respiratory system?
Heat air as it enters
temp exchange w/ blood vessels in nose and throat
Air filtration
The nasal passage and part of the trachea
Humidify
alveoli in the lungs need moisture so they do not dry out and break apart
What zone is the upper respiratory system?
Conducting Zone
What 2 zones are the lower respiratory system broken into?
Conducting and Respiratory Zones
What does the conducting zone do?
provide a route for air that is coming in and out of the lungs, remove debris, warm and humidify the air
What does the respiratory zone do?
moves oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the blood
What are the parts of the conducting zone?
Bronchi
Trachea
Lung
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
What are the parts of the respiratory zone?
Alveolus Sac
Respiratory Bronchiole
The alveoli are surrounded by what that assists with rapid exchange of gases?
Blood vessels
What epithelium are the alveoli made of?
Simple Squamous
What are alveolar type I cells?
Make up the majority of the cells
responsible for gas exchange
What are Alveolar Type II cells?
Secretes Surfactant that helps relieve surface tension
What do macrophages do in the respiratory system?
destroy/ingest pathogens
What are the Properties of the Mammalian Respiratory System?
Compliance
- respiratory system to stretch (rib cage expansion)
Elasticity
- lungs and other system returns to resting state
Surface Tension
What helps decrease surface tension?
Surfactant
What is a surfactant?
Detergent like lipid-protein complex that helps relieve surface tension (alveoli)
Applies an even coat so alveoli doesn’t collapse
What are the mechanic of Pulmonary Ventilation?
Inspiration and Expiration
What is Inspiration?
Allows air to flow into the lungs
What is Expiration?
Gases leaving the lungs
What is Boyles Law?
The relationship between the pressure of gas and the volume of gas
- there is an inverse relationship between the two
- one goes up and one goes down
EX: Squeezing a ballon; pressure inside increases but volume inside decreases
What is Atmospheric Pressure (PATM)?
Pressure of air in the environment surrounding the organism
What is PATM at sea level?
760 mmHg or this =0
What is Intrapulmonary pressure (PPul)?
The pressure inside lung/lungs
-Intraalveoli pressure
-fluctuates based on breathing
-PPul=PATM
What is Intra Pleural Pressure (Pip)?
The pressure in the pleura surrounding the lungs
-Flucuates
- Pressure is less than PPul and PATM
-Allows lungs to expand
What is Transpulmonary pressure?
Pressure in the lungs - Pressure in the Pluera
PPul-Pip
What is the process of Inspiration?
- Contraction of the diaphragm
- Expansion of Thoracic Cavity
- Pressure Inside lungs go down
- Air enters bc PPul wants to = PATM
- PPul=PATM
What is the process of Expiration?
- Relation of diaphragm
- Thoracic cavity shrinks
- Volume decreases my PPul increases
- PPul is more than PATM so air rushed out till PPul is = to PATM
What is Tidal Volume?
Amount of air moved during normal inhalation and exhalation.
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
Amount of air inhaled above tidal volume (deep breath in)
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?
Amount of air exhaled below tidal volume (deep breath out)
What is vital capacity?
Sum of Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, and Expiratory Reserve Volume
air to move around for gas exchange
What is residual volume?
Amount of air that is required to fill the respiratory system
Keep open to maintain air
Total lung capacity
Sum of everything
What is dead space?
volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange
What is Anatomical Dead space? (Permanent)
Volume of air located in the respiratory tract segments that are responsible for conducting air to the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles but do not take part in the process of gas exchange itself
What is Alveolar Dead space?
The volume of air in alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused, and thus gas exchange does not take place.
Alevolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)
AVR (ml/min) = frequency (breaths/min) x TV-dead space (ml/breath)
Both external and internal respiration are subject to…
Basic properties of gases
composition of alveolar gases
What is Dalton’s law of Partial Pressure?
The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the pressure of all of the gases
PO2: 21% x 76mmHg= 156mmHg
PCO2: 0.05% x 760mmHg= 0.3mmHg
What is Henry’s Law?
- Solubility of the gas into liquid (O2 doesn’t change)
- Temperature of the liquid
Cold liquid will hold more gas, O2 doesn’t change - Partial Pressure of the gas
40 mmHg (O2 changes)
PO2: 156mmHg outside; 40mmHg inside, O2 moves down gradient into blood stream
PCO2: 0.3mmHg outside, 45mmHg inside, CO2 moves up pressure gradient into alveoli air
Oxygen is carried in the blow stream by what 2 ways?
- 1.5% is dissolved in liquid (blood)
- 98.5% is loosely bound to the Iron group in hemoglobin ( holds up to 4 O2 molecules)
Does O2 and Hemoglobin have a linear relationship?
FALSE
In tissues, what is the PO2 and saturation?
PO2: 40mm Hg
Saturation: 75%
In the lungs what is the PO2 and saturation?
PO2: 100mm Hg
Saturation: 100%
What affects the loading and unloading of O2 and Hemoglobin?
- Partial pressure of the environment
- Affinity between O2 and Hemoglobin
What affects the affinity between O2 and Hemoglobin?
- Affinity decreases with low pH (acid)
- Affinity decreases with high temperatures
-Affinity decreases with high 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid
How is CO2 transported?
- 10% in Plasma
- 20% carbaminohemoglobin
-70% transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-)
What is the process of CO2 transportation?
- CO2 exits tissues
- CO2 enters red blood cell
- CO2 reacts with water (forms carbonic acid H2CO3)
- H2CO3 forms and the Hydrogen dissociates
- HCO3- leaves the cell
- red blood cell becomes more acidic with Hydrogen in cell
- Chloride enters the cell through chloride shift (maintains ionic balance)
- Produces carbonic anhydrase (speeds up reaction)
In the bloodstream, bicarbonate acts as a what?
A good buffer, when it exits the cell it helps maintain the blood pH.
Respiratory rhythms are regulated by:
- higher brain centers
- Chemoreceptors
- recognize change in pH, PO2 of CO2, and PO2 of O2 - Pulmonary Irritant reflexes
- cause you to cough and sneeze - Stretch Receptors
-senses stretch in the thoracic cavity
What is Respiratory Acidosis?
causes pH to decrease and an increase in CO2
What is Respiratory Alkaladosis?
causes pH to increase and CO2 to decrease
What are the key differences between mammals and avian respiratory systems?
Avians do not have diaphragms
they have air sacs
Lungs are not elastic
change in volume occurs in the air sacs not lungs
What is the flow of air through the avian respiratory system?
- Inhalation
-air goes straight to posterior air sacs - # 1 Expiration-Air in posterior air sacs goes to the lungs
-Air sac volume goes down - # 2 Inspiratory-Air in the lung goes to the anterior air sac
- # 2 Expiratory-Air in anterior air sac exits
