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AN S 214 > Chapter 11 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central Nervous Sysytem
  • Peripheral Nervous System
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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of the PNS?

A
  • Sensory (afferent) division
  • Motor (efferent) division
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3
Q

What is the Sensory (afferent) division?

A
  • Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
  • conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
    EX: sensory neurons in eyes send messages to the brain about light
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4
Q

What is the Motor (efferent) division?

A
  • Motor nerve fibers
  • conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
    EX: waving hand or kicking a ball
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5
Q

What are the subdivisions of the motor division?

A
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous system
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6
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system?

A
  • Voluntary
  • Somatic motor
  • conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
    EX: controlling your breathing
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7
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  • Involuntary
  • conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands
    EX: heartbeat
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8
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
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9
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A
  • Mobilizes body systems during activity
  • Emotions
  • Fight or Flight
    EX: increasing blood pressure
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10
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A
  • Converses energy
  • Promotes house-keeping functions during rest
    EX: decreasing blood pressure, peristalsis of stomach contents
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11
Q

What are the fundamental types of neurons in the PNS?

A
  • Sensory (afferent) neurons
  • Motor (efferent) neurons
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12
Q

What are the fundamental types of neurons in the CNS?

A
  • Interneurons (association neurons)
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13
Q

What are Neurons?

A
  • Electrical and chemical signals to send information between different areas of the brain, as well as between the brain, the spinal cord, and the entire body.
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14
Q

What are Sensory neurons?

A
  • Conduct signals from receptors to the CNS
  • Sense the problem/transmit signal
    EX: Touching a hot stove
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15
Q

What are Interneurons?

A
  • Confined to the CNS
  • pass message along in the brain
    EX: The stove is very hot
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16
Q

What are Motor Neurons?

A
  • Conduct signals from the CNS to effectors (muscle/glands)
  • Receives a message from CNS
    EX: remove your hand from the hot stove
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17
Q

What are the types of nerve cells?

A
  • Neuroglia (glial cells)
  • Neurons (Neural Cells)
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18
Q

What are Neuroglia Cells (glial cells)?

A
  • Nerve “glue”
  • Provide nutrients
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19
Q

What are the types of Neuroglial cells in the PNS?

A
  • Satellite Cells
  • Schwann Cells
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20
Q

What are Satellite Cells?

A
  • Repair anything in the NS
  • Allows muscle tissue to regenerate
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21
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A
  • Wrap around the axon to provide insulation
  • Keeps axons alive
  • Sometimes covering them with a myelin sheath
  • Major glial cell type in the peripheral nervous system
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22
Q

What are the Neuroglial Cells of the CNS?

A
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal Cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
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23
Q

What are Microglia cells?

A
  • Function in immune function
  • Remove dead neurons and synapses
  • Maintain the health of CNS
  • regulate brain development, maintenance of neuronal networks, and injury repair
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24
Q

What are Ependymal Cells?

A
  • Form a barrier for Cerebro Spinal Fluid
  • Line the ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
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25
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Wraps around the axon to provide insulation
  • allows fast and efficient transfer of neuronal communication through the myelination of axons
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26
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A
  • 20-40% of all glial cells
  • Provides nutrients
  • Forms structures
27
Q

What are the parts of a Neuron?

A
  • Cell Body (soma)
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Axon Hillock
  • Schwann cells
  • Myelin Sheath
  • Terminal Branches
  • Axon Terminal
28
Q

What does the cell body of a Neuron do?

A
  • Receives signals
  • Contains organelles and Nucleus
  • Provides energy
29
Q

What are Dendrites?

A
  • Tree-like branches that come out of the soma
  • Increases the surface area available for receiving incoming information
  • Receiving or input portions of a neuron
30
Q

What is the Axon?

A
  • Conducts the electrical signal (carries the impulse away from the soma)
  • Can be mm to meters long (brain-toe)
  • Generates Action Potential
31
Q

What is the Axon Hillock?

A
  • Region in the cell body where the summation of the excitatory & inhibitory activity occurs
  • Starts signal
32
Q

What are Axon Terminals?

A
  • Small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons
  • Release neurotransmitter when stimulated by an electrical signal carried by the axon
  • if the signal is strong enough it will be transmitted through the Axon terminals, if not it will be terminated
33
Q

What are the Properties of Neurons?

A
  • Excitable
  • Conductivity
  • Secretion
34
Q

What is Excitability in a neuron?

A
  • Ability to respond and recognize a stimulus
35
Q

What is Conductivity in a neuron?

A
  • Electrical signal transmitted
  • Local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber
  • Action Potential/propagation
36
Q

What is Secretion in a neuron?

A
  • Release of signal neurotransmitter to interact with the next cell
37
Q

What are the types of activation Channels?

A
  • Ligan-gated
  • Mechanical-gated
  • Voltage-gated
38
Q

What are ligan-gated channels?

A
  • membrane protein channels that only open when a chemical(neurotransmitter) released form the presynaptic neuron bind to them
39
Q

What are Mechanical-gated channels?

A
  • Channels that open when it senses the change of pressure
    • Poking your arm
40
Q

What are voltage-gated channels?

A
  • Change in voltage of ions in the surrounding areas
    • Na+, Ca2+ and K+
41
Q

What is the baseline resting membrane potential?

A
  • (-70mV)
    • Negative inside the axon, Positive outside axon
42
Q

What is a threshold?

A
  • Magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction result, or condition to occur
    • Needs to reach -55mV for stimuli to occu
43
Q

What is depolarization?

A
  • Change in membrane potential; moves towards 0/becomes less negative
44
Q

What happens during depolarization?

A
  • Na+ outside of the cell enters the axon filled with K+ through fast voltage-gated channels causing the resting membrane potential to increase to -55mV causing depolarization
  • (-55mV)
45
Q

What is repolarization?

A
  • the cell experiences a decrease of voltage due to the loss of potassium (K+) ions along its electrochemical gradient
  • Na+ fast-voltage channels become inactivated
46
Q

What happens during repolarization

A
  • Na+ fast-voltage channels become inactivated
  • A decrease of voltage due to the loss of potassium (K+) ions through slow voltage-gated K+ Channels along its electrochemical gradient
  • (+30mV)
47
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A
  • a phase where some potassium channels remain open and sodium channels reset.
48
Q

What happens during hyperpolarization?

A
  • K+ slow voltage-gated channels are slow to shut so too much K+ leaks out
  • Na+ fast voltage-gated channels reopen letting more Na+ in
  • (-100mV)
49
Q

How does the action potential return back to the resting membrane potential after hyperpolarization?

A
  • Using a Na+/K+ atpase pump
  • The pump brings K+ in and kicks Na+ out of the axon returning to -70mV
  • Requires energy!!!
50
Q

What is the Absolute refractory period in an axon?

A
  • The axon cannot respond or stimulate another action potential
  • Stimulus to peak and part of repolarization
51
Q

What is the Relative refractory period?

A
  • Axon can respond to a 2nd stimulus but it has to be stronger than the first stimulus
52
Q

What does myelination help with during a stimulus?

A
  • Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
  • Creates a sheath around the axon; made up of proteins and fat
  • Keeps stimulus from decaying
53
Q

What does the node of Ranvier do?

A
  • contain sodium and potassium ion channels, allowing the action potential to travel quickly down the axon by jumping from one node to the next.
54
Q

What cell provides myelination in the CNS?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Branch off and interact with multiple neurons
  • 80% fat (lipids) 20% proteins
55
Q

What cell provides myelination in the PNS?

A
  • Schwann Cells
  • Wraps around 1 neuron not multiple!
  • Mostly fat
56
Q

What are synapses?

A
  • The functional connection between a neuron and another cell
57
Q

What are the types of synapses?

A
  • Electrical (Gap junction)
  • Chemical (neurotransmitters)
58
Q

What are the synaptic relationships between neurons?

A
  • Axodendritic
  • Axosomatic
  • Axoaxonic
59
Q

What are Axodendritic synapses?

A
  • Axon terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron interacts with the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron
60
Q

What are Axosomatic synapses?

A
  • The axon terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron interacts with the soma (cell body) of the post-synaptic neuron
61
Q

What are Axoaxonic synapses?

A
  • The axon terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron interacts with the Axon or Axon terminal of the post-synaptic neuron
62
Q

What happens when an action potential makes its way down the synapes?

A
  • Action Potential interacts with voltage gated calcium channels
  • The Ca2+ gates open, bringing in Ca2+ into Axon terminal
  • When Ca2+ enters, interacts with cytoskeleton proteins that causes a shift
  • When proteins shift, we get neurotransmitted synaptic vesicles to move to and merge with the Plasma membrane
  • The vesicles then are excised releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft binding to channels causing a graded potential
63
Q

What happens to the neurotransmitters after they bind to channels on the postsynaptic neuron?

A
  • They are reuptaken, broken down by enzymes in cleft, or they break away

AN S 214 (6 decks)

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