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Russian History- The Soviet Union > chapter 22- economic and social developments > Flashcards

chapter 22- economic and social developments Flashcards

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1
Q

why did Khrushchev inherit a poor economy

A

industrial capacity decreased 70% after war

war led to smaller workforce

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2
Q

when was the fourth 5 year plan announced

A

1946-1950

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3
Q

what were the aims of the fourth 5 year plan

A

Catch up with USA

rebuild heavy industry and transport

revive Ukraine

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4
Q

how did the fourth 5 year plan plan to achieve its aims

A

use extensive reparations from East Germany

maintain war time controls on industry (long hours, low wages, female labour)

‘grand projects’ building of canals and HEP plants

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5
Q

what were the results of the fourth 5 year plan

A

USSR second to USA in industrial capacity

most targets for industrial production met

production doubled

workforce grew from 67-77 million

Dnieper Dam in use again by 1947

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6
Q

what were the aims of the fifth 5 year plan

A

continuation of development of heavy industry and transport

more investment into consumer goods housing and services

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7
Q

how did the fifth 5 year plan plan to achieve its aims

A

reduced spending on military after Stalins death

divert resources to armament for Korean War

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8
Q

what were the results of the fifth 5 year plan

A

most growth targets met

national income increased 71%

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9
Q

when was the fifth 5 year plan in effect

A

1951-55

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10
Q

what were the issues with Stalins centralised economy

A

exceeding targets set meant higher targets the next year so factories discouraged from producing surplus

resources not being efficiently used so increasing amounts of capital investment needed

output targets assessed by weight so heavier products made eve if quality was poor

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11
Q

what did Khrushchev do to decentralise economy

A

abolished 60 Moscow ministries

USSR divided into 105 economic regions each with their own economic council

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12
Q

what was set up in 1959 that showed there was still a degree of centralisation in the economy

A

Supreme economic council

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13
Q

How did the seventh 5 year plan focus on increasing the standard of living

A

introduced 40 hour week

40% pay increase for workers in 1965

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14
Q

what was the slogan of the seventh 5 year plan

A

‘catch up and overtake the USA by 1971’

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15
Q

what did the seventh 5 year plan do

A

expanded chemical industry

housing factories produced prefabricated sections for new flats

increased production of consumer goods

explored natural resources- gas, oil and coal

building new power stations

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16
Q

how was soviet technology advanced

A

many railway lines electrified or ran on diesel

air transport expanded and Aeroflot corporation subsidised to make travel cheaper

Sputnik launched in 1957

red flag put on moon in 1959

1959- worlds first civil nuclear powered ship ‘Lenin’ was launched

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17
Q

how did the production of coal change from 1955-65

A

391-578 million tonnes

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18
Q

how did the production of tractors change from 1955-65

A

314-804 thousand

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19
Q

how did the output of retail change from 1955-65

A

50.2-100.8 million roubles

doubled

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20
Q

what distorted the USSR’s economy

A

spending on the space race and armaments

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21
Q

how did industrial growth look in 1964

A

worse- growth of 7.5% per annum, down from 10% per annum through the 50’s

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22
Q

what was the growth of consumer industries in 1964

A

only 2%

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23
Q

why did Khrushchev see himself as an agricultural expert

A

came from rural peasant background

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24
Q

who did Khrushchev place the responsibility of reform on and what did this mean

A

local councils

ministry of agriculture became an advisory body

25
Q

what changes were made to agricultureby the governemnt

A

the price paid by state for grain increased 25% from 1953-56

state grain procurement quotas reduced

taxes reduced

26
Q

what changes were made to increase production in agriculture

A

number of farms connected to electricity grid increased

a campaign in 1962 increased use of chemical fertiliser

MTS turner into repair stations as more machinery used

number of collective farms halved by 1960 as joined to make bigger farms

27
Q

how much ‘virgin land’ was p[loughed for wheat in 1953

A

35.9 million hectares

28
Q

how did the virgin land scheme improve production of grain

A

increased 75%

29
Q

what was the long term problems of the virgion lands scheme

A

didn’t take into account over farming and conditions of areas the land was in- most of the land unusable by 1960

30
Q

how did the production of cereals increase from 1952-1964

A

82-132 million tonnes

31
Q

how did the production of meat increase from 1952-1964

A

5.2-9.1 million tonnes

32
Q

what percentage of the produce sold in the USSR came from private plots

A

30% despite them making up 3% of the cultivated land

33
Q

what did the USSR have to do after a bad harvest in 1963

A

import grain- some from the USA

34
Q

what was khrushchevs main aim for the soviet people

A

to improve their living standards

35
Q

what were abolished in 1958

A

compulsory subscriptions to the state

36
Q

how did the amount of people with refrigerators change from 1955-1965

A

increased 10 times

37
Q

how did the amount of people with washing machines change from 1955-1965

A

77x

38
Q

what began to enter shops after 1958

A

imported goods

39
Q

what did peasants become eligible for in 1958

A

state pensions

40
Q

what became better and more widely available under Khrushchev

A

education, health care and transport

41
Q

what was the problem with society under Khrushchev

A

unequal- those higher in the political hierarchy had privileges with non-wage payments, access to goods, healthcare etc

42
Q

what did TV’s begin to show under Khrushchev

A

international performances of the Kirov ballet, Moscow dynamos football team etc

43
Q

what was ‘intourist’

A

foreigners could come to the USSR and witness their achievements

44
Q

what was the World Festival of Youth 1957

A

festival in Moscow that attracted 34,000 people from 131 different countries

45
Q

what did the loosening of restrictions on TV, music etcresult in

A

exposure to western culture of rock n roll etc

46
Q

what was the soviet version of teddy boys

A

the stiliagi

47
Q

what percentage of the population was under 30 and why was this a threat

A

55%

more exposed to western culture so less traditional and could cause revolt

48
Q

who are examples of people Khrushchev allowed to work after the zhdanovshchina

A

Shostakovich

Bebel

Anna Akhmatova

49
Q

which western writers had books published in the USSR under Khrushchev

A

Graham Greene, Ernest Hemingway etc

50
Q

what were the rules for works criticising the USSR

A

they were allowed to be critical of Stalinism but not the foundations of socialism

51
Q

what book had over a million sales and described life in a gulag

A

‘One day in the life of Ivan Denisovich’ by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

52
Q

what book by Boris Pasternak was outlawed in the USSR but won a Nobel prize after being published in Italy in 1957

A

Dr Zhivago

53
Q

in what year were children banned from church services

A

1961

54
Q

what was bought into the school curriculum in 1961

A

atheism

55
Q

what course did Khrushchev make mandatory for everyone in higher education

A

the foundations of scientific atheism

56
Q

how many fewer orthodox churches were there in 1965 from 1959

A

14,000

22-8000

57
Q

what did Khrushchev want for all nationalities in the empire

A

a single language

58
Q

what was ‘rapprochement’

A

greater unity and fusion of all nationalities

Russian History- The Soviet Union (11 decks)

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