chapter 22- economic and social developments

Question 1

why did Khrushchev inherit a poor economy

Answer 1

industrial capacity decreased 70% after war

war led to smaller workforce

Question 2

when was the fourth 5 year plan announced

Answer 2

1946-1950

Question 3

what were the aims of the fourth 5 year plan

Answer 3

Catch up with USA

rebuild heavy industry and transport

revive Ukraine

Question 4

how did the fourth 5 year plan plan to achieve its aims

Answer 4

use extensive reparations from East Germany

maintain war time controls on industry (long hours, low wages, female labour)

‘grand projects’ building of canals and HEP plants

Question 5

what were the results of the fourth 5 year plan

Answer 5

USSR second to USA in industrial capacity

most targets for industrial production met

production doubled

workforce grew from 67-77 million

Dnieper Dam in use again by 1947

Question 6

what were the aims of the fifth 5 year plan

Answer 6

continuation of development of heavy industry and transport

more investment into consumer goods housing and services

Question 7

how did the fifth 5 year plan plan to achieve its aims

Answer 7

reduced spending on military after Stalins death

divert resources to armament for Korean War

Question 8

what were the results of the fifth 5 year plan

Answer 8

most growth targets met

national income increased 71%

Question 9

when was the fifth 5 year plan in effect

Answer 9

1951-55

Question 10

what were the issues with Stalins centralised economy

Answer 10

exceeding targets set meant higher targets the next year so factories discouraged from producing surplus

resources not being efficiently used so increasing amounts of capital investment needed

output targets assessed by weight so heavier products made eve if quality was poor

Question 11

what did Khrushchev do to decentralise economy

Answer 11

abolished 60 Moscow ministries

USSR divided into 105 economic regions each with their own economic council

Question 12

what was set up in 1959 that showed there was still a degree of centralisation in the economy

Answer 12

Supreme economic council

Question 13

How did the seventh 5 year plan focus on increasing the standard of living

Answer 13

introduced 40 hour week

40% pay increase for workers in 1965

Question 14

what was the slogan of the seventh 5 year plan

Answer 14

‘catch up and overtake the USA by 1971’

Question 15

what did the seventh 5 year plan do

Answer 15

expanded chemical industry

housing factories produced prefabricated sections for new flats

increased production of consumer goods

explored natural resources- gas, oil and coal

building new power stations

Question 16

how was soviet technology advanced

Answer 16

many railway lines electrified or ran on diesel

air transport expanded and Aeroflot corporation subsidised to make travel cheaper

Sputnik launched in 1957

red flag put on moon in 1959

1959- worlds first civil nuclear powered ship ‘Lenin’ was launched

Question 17

how did the production of coal change from 1955-65

Answer 17

391-578 million tonnes

Question 18

how did the production of tractors change from 1955-65

Answer 18

314-804 thousand

Question 19

how did the output of retail change from 1955-65

Answer 19

50.2-100.8 million roubles

doubled

Question 20

what distorted the USSR’s economy

Answer 20

spending on the space race and armaments

Question 21

how did industrial growth look in 1964

Answer 21

worse- growth of 7.5% per annum, down from 10% per annum through the 50’s

Question 22

what was the growth of consumer industries in 1964

Answer 22

only 2%

Question 23

why did Khrushchev see himself as an agricultural expert

Answer 23

came from rural peasant background

Question 24

who did Khrushchev place the responsibility of reform on and what did this mean

Answer 24

local councils

ministry of agriculture became an advisory body

Question 25

what changes were made to agricultureby the governemnt

Answer 25

the price paid by state for grain increased 25% from 1953-56 state grain procurement quotas reduced taxes reduced

Question 26

what changes were made to increase production in agriculture

Answer 26

number of farms connected to electricity grid increased a campaign in 1962 increased use of chemical fertiliser MTS turner into repair stations as more machinery used number of collective farms halved by 1960 as joined to make bigger farms

Question 27

how much 'virgin land' was p[loughed for wheat in 1953

Answer 27

35.9 million hectares

Question 28

how did the virgin land scheme improve production of grain

Answer 28

increased 75%

Question 29

what was the long term problems of the virgion lands scheme

Answer 29

didn't take into account over farming and conditions of areas the land was in- most of the land unusable by 1960

Question 30

how did the production of cereals increase from 1952-1964

Answer 30

82-132 million tonnes

Question 31

how did the production of meat increase from 1952-1964

Answer 31

5.2-9.1 million tonnes

Question 32

what percentage of the produce sold in the USSR came from private plots

Answer 32

30% despite them making up 3% of the cultivated land

Question 33

what did the USSR have to do after a bad harvest in 1963

Answer 33

import grain- some from the USA

Question 34

what was khrushchevs main aim for the soviet people

Answer 34

to improve their living standards

Question 35

what were abolished in 1958

Answer 35

compulsory subscriptions to the state

Question 36

how did the amount of people with refrigerators change from 1955-1965

Answer 36

increased 10 times

Question 37

how did the amount of people with washing machines change from 1955-1965

Answer 37

77x

Question 38

what began to enter shops after 1958

Answer 38

imported goods

Question 39

what did peasants become eligible for in 1958

Answer 39

state pensions

Question 40

what became better and more widely available under Khrushchev

Answer 40

education, health care and transport

Question 41

what was the problem with society under Khrushchev

Answer 41

unequal- those higher in the political hierarchy had privileges with non-wage payments, access to goods, healthcare etc

Question 42

what did TV's begin to show under Khrushchev

Answer 42

international performances of the Kirov ballet, Moscow dynamos football team etc

Question 43

what was 'intourist'

Answer 43

foreigners could come to the USSR and witness their achievements

Question 44

what was the World Festival of Youth 1957

Answer 44

festival in Moscow that attracted 34,000 people from 131 different countries

Question 45

what did the loosening of restrictions on TV, music etcresult in

Answer 45

exposure to western culture of rock n roll etc

Question 46

what was the soviet version of teddy boys

Answer 46

the stiliagi

Question 47

what percentage of the population was under 30 and why was this a threat

Answer 47

55% more exposed to western culture so less traditional and could cause revolt

Question 48

who are examples of people Khrushchev allowed to work after the zhdanovshchina

Answer 48

Shostakovich Bebel Anna Akhmatova

Question 49

which western writers had books published in the USSR under Khrushchev

Answer 49

Graham Greene, Ernest Hemingway etc

Question 50

what were the rules for works criticising the USSR

Answer 50

they were allowed to be critical of Stalinism but not the foundations of socialism

Question 51

what book had over a million sales and described life in a gulag

Answer 51

'One day in the life of Ivan Denisovich' by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Question 52

what book by Boris Pasternak was outlawed in the USSR but won a Nobel prize after being published in Italy in 1957

Answer 52

Dr Zhivago

Question 53

in what year were children banned from church services

Answer 53

1961

Question 54

what was bought into the school curriculum in 1961

Answer 54

atheism

Question 55

what course did Khrushchev make mandatory for everyone in higher education

Answer 55

the foundations of scientific atheism

Question 56

how many fewer orthodox churches were there in 1965 from 1959

Answer 56

14,000 22-8000

Question 57

what did Khrushchev want for all nationalities in the empire

Answer 57

a single language

Question 58

what was 'rapprochement'

Answer 58

greater unity and fusion of all nationalities