Chapter 17- Communist Control And Terror Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the three main oppositions identified by the Bolshevik’s at the start of their days in power

A

Other political groups

Former tsarist officials and supporters

Bourgeoisie, upper classes

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2
Q

How did the SR’s and Mensheviks destroy themselves in October 1917

A

Walkout of the Soviet congress leaving bolsheviks with a monopoly of power

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3
Q

What did the Sovnarkom order on 27 October 1917

A

Banned opposition press

Ordered for the arrest of Kadet, Menshevik and SR leaders

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4
Q

When was the Cheka established

A

December 1917

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5
Q

What did the Cheka become in 1922

A

GPU

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6
Q

What did the GPU become in 1923

A

OGPU

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7
Q

When was the OGPU put under the control of the NKVD

A

1934-43

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8
Q

When did the red terror start and what caused it

A

August 1918- attempted assassination of Lenin and assassination of Cheka leader Moisei Uritsky

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9
Q

What did the Sovnarkom give the Cheka in 1918

A

Authority to destroy the families of any traitors

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10
Q

What did the chairman of the Bolshevik central committee say about the red terror

A

Said it was a ‘merciless mass terror against all opponents of the revolution’

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11
Q

How many SR’s and Mensheviks were shot in Petrograd in 1918

A

500

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12
Q

Why did the red terror escalate

A

Local Cheka agents wanted to show willingness so took matters into their own hands

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13
Q

What were the implications of the red terror for people of religion

A

They were persecuted but to a lesser extent than ‘class enemies’ etc

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14
Q

How many priests were executed in 1921 for failing to hand over church land

A

8000

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15
Q

How many people were shot between 1918-21

A

Between 500,000 and 1 million

Many more were tortured or sent to labour camps where many died

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16
Q

What was Lenin’s ‘ban of factions’ in 1921

A

All party members had to accept the decisions of the central committee

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17
Q

What are examples of Stalin scapegoating to explain the poor state of Russia

A

Shakhty show trial 1928

‘Industrial party’ show trial 1930

Metro-Vickers trial 1933

18
Q

What was the Shakhty show trial

A

53 engineers from the Shakhty coal mine were accused of ‘counter revolutionary activity’ due to a drop in production

There was a show trial

44 were given long sentences and 5 were executed

19
Q

What was a problem with prisons in 1929

A

Could not cope with the number of ‘opposition’ that were being arrested

20
Q

What did Yaghoda do to prevent overcrowding in prisons

A

Made corrective labour camps (gulags) in Siberia where inmates were made to mine for precious metals

21
Q

What did Figes say ‘unhinged’ Stalin in 1932

A

The suicide of his wife

22
Q

What two opposition groups formed within the Bolshevik party in 1932

A

‘Old Bolshevik’s’ lead by Leonid Smirnov

‘Ryutin platform’

23
Q

What happened to the opposing old bolsheviks in 1932

A

Arrested and expelled from the party

24
Q

What happened to the Ryutin platform members in 1932

A

Arrested

Stalin called for their execution but this was overruled by the Politburo with Kirov being the main figure in this

Ryutin sentenced to 10 years in prison

Members of the platform and people who knew about existence were expelled and exiled (24 people)

Ryutin killed on stalins orders in 1937

25
Q

What did Stalin announce in April 1933

A

General purge of the party

26
Q

How many members of the party were purged in 1933

A

18%

27
Q

What happened to ‘former people’ and party members in 1935

A

11,000 former people arrested

250,000 party members called anti-Leninist and expelled

28
Q

What show trial happened in 1936 and what was the outcome of it

A

Zinoviev, kamanev and 14 others put on show trial for a ‘Trotsky- inspired plot’ to kill Stalin and other politburo members

All 16 were executed

29
Q

What show trial happened in 1937 and what was the result

A

17 prominent communists including Radek tried for Trotsky-inspired sabotage

13 were executed

30
Q

What happened to ‘heroes of the civil war’ in 1937

A

8 were captured tortured and forced to sign confessions and shot

31
Q

How many were affected do by the military purge of 1937

A

512 of the 767 high command were killed

32
Q

What was the biggest show trial of the purges

A

1938-

21 Bolshevik’s interrogated

Yagohda, Bukrhain and Rykov and 13 others were shot for Trotsky-inspired sabotage

33
Q

What was the Yezovshchina

A

Purge of ordinary citizens

34
Q

When was the Yezovshchina

A

1937-1938

35
Q

Why did the Yezovshchina end

A

Yezhov replaced by Lavrenti Beria as head of NKVD

36
Q

How many people were put on an arrest list made by the Politburo in 1937

A

250,000

37
Q

What was Yezhov’s nickname

A

The bloodthirsty dwarf

38
Q

What did the 18th party declare in 1938

A

‘Mass cleansings’ were no longer needed

39
Q

What did the end of the purges cause

A

1.5 million cases to be reviewed

128,000 cases closed

30,000 released from gaol

327,000 released from gulags

Yezhov and Trotsky killed in 1940

40
Q

what was the issue with prisons by 1929

A

could not hold all prisoners

41
Q

when did the NKVD gain ownership of gulags

A

1934

42
Q

how many people were killed during the yezhovshchina

A

700k