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Russian History- The Soviet Union > Chapter 16- Leninist/Stalinist Society > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Leninist/Stalinist Society Flashcards

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1
Q

What ‘class enemies’ were vilified by the Bolsheviks

A

Burzhui- ‘bourgeoisie parasites’

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2
Q

What were the punishments for the burzhui

A

Menial jobs such as sweeping roads

Not allowed to work

Houses requisitioned and turned into communal living spaces

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3
Q

How did rationing work during the civil war

A

Done by ‘work value’

Workers and soldiers received the most

Civil servants and professionals such as doctors got less

Burzhui got barely enough to survive

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4
Q

Why was NEP good for the Burzhui

A

Showed that Russia still needed ‘specialists’ so they were given jobs in the interest of economic growth

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5
Q

What were given to workers to stop them leaving their jobs in the civil war

A

Passports

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6
Q

What rules were introduced to workers during the civil war in 1921

A

Workers could be shot imprisoned if they failed to meet targets

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7
Q

What did collectivisation do for the urban workforce

A

More emigrated to towns causing the labour force to double by 1931

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8
Q

What did the drive for industrialisation mean for workers

A

7 day working week

Longer hours

Dismissal or eviction if work was skipped

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9
Q

What was introduced in 1931 that made the proletariat more diverse

A

Wage differentials

Bonuses

Payment by the piece

Opportunities for better housing

Workers allowed to chose place of work

Disciplinary rules eased

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10
Q

What was used to increase ‘socialist competition’ in the work place

A

Propaganda such as the Stakhanovite movement

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11
Q

What was the Stakhanovite movement

A

Made managers support their workers to hit production targets

Stakhanovite was a miner who extracted 102 tonnes of coal in 5 hours 45 mins, something that should have taken 14 x longer

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12
Q

How did production targets change in 1936

A

Rose 10%

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13
Q

What did Stalin say about life in 1933

A

‘Life has become better, comrades, life has become more joyous.’

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14
Q

How did wages fare under Stalin

A

Increased under second 5 year plan

Lower in 1937 than 1928

(1928 only marginally better than 1913)

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15
Q

What was phased out in 1935

A

Rationing

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16
Q

What were the key family policies implemented under Lenin

A

Church influenced removed and only civil marriage recognised

Divorce made easier and less expensive in 1920

In 1920 abortion was legalised

Free contraceptive advice provided

New family code in 1926 gave woman ‘Common law’ in marriages

In 1928 wedding rings were banned

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17
Q

What did Stalin change about family policies implemented by Lenin

A

Reverted to more traditional ones

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18
Q

What did Stalin make the focus of a propaganda wave in the 30’s

A

Family

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19
Q

What family based policies did Stalin implement in 1936

A

Divorce made more expensive

Men had to pay 60% of their income in child support

Adultery was criminalised and those penalised would be printed in the press

Contraception was banned

Tax exemptions given to families over 6

Bonuses paid for every child after the tenth one

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20
Q

How did the number of female industrial workers change between 1928-1940

A

Rose by 10 million (3m-13m)

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21
Q

What percentage of the industrial workforce were female by 1940

A

43%

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22
Q

How many more woman were in education between 1928-1940

A

Double the amount

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23
Q

How much less did woman earn than men in 1940

A

40% less

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24
Q

What was the divorce rate in 1934

A

37%

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25
Q

What were the abortion figures in 1934

A

150,000 abortions to every 57,000 live births

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26
Q

What were the marriage statistics in 1937

A

91% of woman and 82% of men in their thirties were married

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27
Q

What happened to population growth from 1928-1940

A

Got lower

28
Q

What did Lenin replace set up in 1917 to reform education

A

Commissariat of the Enlightenment

29
Q

What did the Commissariat of the Enlightenment introduce

A

Free education at all levels in coeducational schools

30
Q

What were abolished at schools in the 1920’s

A

Textbooks and exams

31
Q

What was introduced at primary and secondary schools under Lenin

A

A combination of academic and physical work

32
Q

What did Stalin do to the education system

A

Reversed liberal reforms such as lack of textbooks and exams

Increased the amount of ‘practical work’

33
Q

What did Stalin get rid of in 1935 in regards to education

A

The quota system which allowed large quantities of working classes into secondary schools and selection was distributed evenly

34
Q

What were the components of school curriculums under Stalin and how much time was devoted to them

A

Russian language and literature- 30%

Maths- 20%

Science- 15%

Soviet style history- 10%

35
Q

What happened to teachers who’s students did poorly

A

Purged

36
Q

What was the literacy rates in Russia in 1941

A

9-49 in towns= 94%

9-49 in rural areas= 86%

37
Q

What did Marx describe religion as

A

‘The opium of the people’

38
Q

What happened to church schools in 1917

A

Taken over by the state

39
Q

When was the teaching of religion banned in schools

A

1921

40
Q

What happened to monasteries in 1921

A

Became hospitals, prisons and barracks

41
Q

Who was Tikhon

A

Patriarch or the Orthodox Church

42
Q

What happened to Tikhon in 1922 a

A

Underwent a show trial and was arrested

Released as accepted religious changes

43
Q

Who was Tikhons successor

A

Sergius

44
Q

What happened to Sergius

A

Arrested in 1925 until 1927 as he didn’t accept religious changes

45
Q

What were seized during the civil war

A

Church bells

They were melted and sold for profit

46
Q

What replaced Christmas and Easter in 1929

A

New Year’s Eve and May Day

47
Q

What happened to Islamic properties after the civil war

A

Confiscated by the state

48
Q

What was forbidden for Muslims in 1935

A

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Wearing a veil

Frequent prayers and fasts

49
Q

How many religious buildings were seized by the state and converted by 1941

A

40,000 churches

25,000 mosques

50
Q

What percentage considered themselves religious in 1937

A

57%

51
Q

What happened in Finland in 1917

A

Opted to become and independent stage

52
Q

What did Ukraine set up in 1917

A

Elected rada (parliament)

53
Q

What were minorities given in 1926

A

Individual representation in the communist party

54
Q

What percentage of the population was Jewish in 1941

A

25%

55
Q

What were abolished in 1917

A

Anti semitic laws

56
Q

What did Stalin do to create an image of a single ‘soviet identity’

A

Made learning Russian compulsory in all schools in 1938

Made Russian only language used in red army

Deported many non Russians

57
Q

What caused anti semitism to grow again in 1939

A

Invasion of Poland and eastern Baltic republics which lead to 2 million Jews joining the empire

58
Q

What was Stalin’s main type of propaganda

A

His ‘cult of personality’

59
Q

What did many peasants have in their homes

A

‘Red corner’ of soviet leaders

60
Q

How was Lenin seen in the late 20’s and what is proof of this

A

God like

Petrograd became Leningrad

61
Q

What was the 1920’s known as for Russian literature and poetry

A

The sliver age

62
Q

What did writers have to belong to as of 1932

A

Union of soviet weietrs

63
Q

What were the consequences of the okay ‘lady Macbeth of Mtensk’

A

Dmitry Shostakovich avoided arrest

Theatre director who spoke for the writer was tortured and killed

Theatre directors wife was stabbed

64
Q

what percentage of higher education places were reserved for women under Stalin

A

20% in 1929

65
Q

what percentage of engineering students were women under Stalin

A

40% by 1940

Russian History- The Soviet Union (11 decks)

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