Chapter 16- Leninist/Stalinist Society Flashcards
What ‘class enemies’ were vilified by the Bolsheviks
Burzhui- ‘bourgeoisie parasites’
What were the punishments for the burzhui
Menial jobs such as sweeping roads
Not allowed to work
Houses requisitioned and turned into communal living spaces
How did rationing work during the civil war
Done by ‘work value’
Workers and soldiers received the most
Civil servants and professionals such as doctors got less
Burzhui got barely enough to survive
Why was NEP good for the Burzhui
Showed that Russia still needed ‘specialists’ so they were given jobs in the interest of economic growth
What were given to workers to stop them leaving their jobs in the civil war
Passports
What rules were introduced to workers during the civil war in 1921
Workers could be shot imprisoned if they failed to meet targets
What did collectivisation do for the urban workforce
More emigrated to towns causing the labour force to double by 1931
What did the drive for industrialisation mean for workers
7 day working week
Longer hours
Dismissal or eviction if work was skipped
What was introduced in 1931 that made the proletariat more diverse
Wage differentials
Bonuses
Payment by the piece
Opportunities for better housing
Workers allowed to chose place of work
Disciplinary rules eased
What was used to increase ‘socialist competition’ in the work place
Propaganda such as the Stakhanovite movement
What was the Stakhanovite movement
Made managers support their workers to hit production targets
Stakhanovite was a miner who extracted 102 tonnes of coal in 5 hours 45 mins, something that should have taken 14 x longer
How did production targets change in 1936
Rose 10%
What did Stalin say about life in 1933
‘Life has become better, comrades, life has become more joyous.’
How did wages fare under Stalin
Increased under second 5 year plan
Lower in 1937 than 1928
(1928 only marginally better than 1913)
What was phased out in 1935
Rationing
What were the key family policies implemented under Lenin
Church influenced removed and only civil marriage recognised
Divorce made easier and less expensive in 1920
In 1920 abortion was legalised
Free contraceptive advice provided
New family code in 1926 gave woman ‘Common law’ in marriages
In 1928 wedding rings were banned
What did Stalin change about family policies implemented by Lenin
Reverted to more traditional ones
What did Stalin make the focus of a propaganda wave in the 30’s
Family
What family based policies did Stalin implement in 1936
Divorce made more expensive
Men had to pay 60% of their income in child support
Adultery was criminalised and those penalised would be printed in the press
Contraception was banned
Tax exemptions given to families over 6
Bonuses paid for every child after the tenth one
How did the number of female industrial workers change between 1928-1940
Rose by 10 million (3m-13m)
What percentage of the industrial workforce were female by 1940
43%
How many more woman were in education between 1928-1940
Double the amount
How much less did woman earn than men in 1940
40% less
What was the divorce rate in 1934
37%
What were the abortion figures in 1934
150,000 abortions to every 57,000 live births
What were the marriage statistics in 1937
91% of woman and 82% of men in their thirties were married
What happened to population growth from 1928-1940
Got lower
What did Lenin replace set up in 1917 to reform education
Commissariat of the Enlightenment
What did the Commissariat of the Enlightenment introduce
Free education at all levels in coeducational schools
What were abolished at schools in the 1920’s
Textbooks and exams
What was introduced at primary and secondary schools under Lenin
A combination of academic and physical work
What did Stalin do to the education system
Reversed liberal reforms such as lack of textbooks and exams
Increased the amount of ‘practical work’
What did Stalin get rid of in 1935 in regards to education
The quota system which allowed large quantities of working classes into secondary schools and selection was distributed evenly
What were the components of school curriculums under Stalin and how much time was devoted to them
Russian language and literature- 30%
Maths- 20%
Science- 15%
Soviet style history- 10%
What happened to teachers who’s students did poorly
Purged
What was the literacy rates in Russia in 1941
9-49 in towns= 94%
9-49 in rural areas= 86%
What did Marx describe religion as
‘The opium of the people’
What happened to church schools in 1917
Taken over by the state
When was the teaching of religion banned in schools
1921
What happened to monasteries in 1921
Became hospitals, prisons and barracks
Who was Tikhon
Patriarch or the Orthodox Church
What happened to Tikhon in 1922 a
Underwent a show trial and was arrested
Released as accepted religious changes
Who was Tikhons successor
Sergius
What happened to Sergius
Arrested in 1925 until 1927 as he didn’t accept religious changes
What were seized during the civil war
Church bells
They were melted and sold for profit
What replaced Christmas and Easter in 1929
New Year’s Eve and May Day
What happened to Islamic properties after the civil war
Confiscated by the state
What was forbidden for Muslims in 1935
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Wearing a veil
Frequent prayers and fasts
How many religious buildings were seized by the state and converted by 1941
40,000 churches
25,000 mosques
What percentage considered themselves religious in 1937
57%
What happened in Finland in 1917
Opted to become and independent stage
What did Ukraine set up in 1917
Elected rada (parliament)
What were minorities given in 1926
Individual representation in the communist party
What percentage of the population was Jewish in 1941
25%
What were abolished in 1917
Anti semitic laws
What did Stalin do to create an image of a single ‘soviet identity’
Made learning Russian compulsory in all schools in 1938
Made Russian only language used in red army
Deported many non Russians
What caused anti semitism to grow again in 1939
Invasion of Poland and eastern Baltic republics which lead to 2 million Jews joining the empire
What was Stalin’s main type of propaganda
His ‘cult of personality’
What did many peasants have in their homes
‘Red corner’ of soviet leaders
How was Lenin seen in the late 20’s and what is proof of this
God like
Petrograd became Leningrad
What was the 1920’s known as for Russian literature and poetry
The sliver age
What did writers have to belong to as of 1932
Union of soviet weietrs
What were the consequences of the okay ‘lady Macbeth of Mtensk’
Dmitry Shostakovich avoided arrest
Theatre director who spoke for the writer was tortured and killed
Theatre directors wife was stabbed
what percentage of higher education places were reserved for women under Stalin
20% in 1929
what percentage of engineering students were women under Stalin
40% by 1940
