Chapter 16- Leninist/Stalinist Society

Question 1

What ‘class enemies’ were vilified by the Bolsheviks

Answer 1

Burzhui- ‘bourgeoisie parasites’

Question 2

What were the punishments for the burzhui

Answer 2

Menial jobs such as sweeping roads

Not allowed to work

Houses requisitioned and turned into communal living spaces

Question 3

How did rationing work during the civil war

Answer 3

Done by ‘work value’

Workers and soldiers received the most

Civil servants and professionals such as doctors got less

Burzhui got barely enough to survive

Question 4

Why was NEP good for the Burzhui

Answer 4

Showed that Russia still needed ‘specialists’ so they were given jobs in the interest of economic growth

Question 5

What were given to workers to stop them leaving their jobs in the civil war

Answer 5

Passports

Question 6

What rules were introduced to workers during the civil war in 1921

Answer 6

Workers could be shot imprisoned if they failed to meet targets

Question 7

What did collectivisation do for the urban workforce

Answer 7

More emigrated to towns causing the labour force to double by 1931

Question 8

What did the drive for industrialisation mean for workers

Answer 8

7 day working week

Longer hours

Dismissal or eviction if work was skipped

Question 9

What was introduced in 1931 that made the proletariat more diverse

Answer 9

Wage differentials

Bonuses

Payment by the piece

Opportunities for better housing

Workers allowed to chose place of work

Disciplinary rules eased

Question 10

What was used to increase ‘socialist competition’ in the work place

Answer 10

Propaganda such as the Stakhanovite movement

Question 11

What was the Stakhanovite movement

Answer 11

Made managers support their workers to hit production targets

Stakhanovite was a miner who extracted 102 tonnes of coal in 5 hours 45 mins, something that should have taken 14 x longer

Question 12

How did production targets change in 1936

Answer 12

Rose 10%

Question 13

What did Stalin say about life in 1933

Answer 13

‘Life has become better, comrades, life has become more joyous.’

Question 14

How did wages fare under Stalin

Answer 14

Increased under second 5 year plan

Lower in 1937 than 1928

(1928 only marginally better than 1913)

Question 15

What was phased out in 1935

Answer 15

Rationing

Question 16

What were the key family policies implemented under Lenin

Answer 16

Church influenced removed and only civil marriage recognised

Divorce made easier and less expensive in 1920

In 1920 abortion was legalised

Free contraceptive advice provided

New family code in 1926 gave woman ‘Common law’ in marriages

In 1928 wedding rings were banned

Question 17

What did Stalin change about family policies implemented by Lenin

Answer 17

Reverted to more traditional ones

Question 18

What did Stalin make the focus of a propaganda wave in the 30’s

Answer 18

Family

Question 19

What family based policies did Stalin implement in 1936

Answer 19

Divorce made more expensive

Men had to pay 60% of their income in child support

Adultery was criminalised and those penalised would be printed in the press

Contraception was banned

Tax exemptions given to families over 6

Bonuses paid for every child after the tenth one

Question 20

How did the number of female industrial workers change between 1928-1940

Answer 20

Rose by 10 million (3m-13m)

Question 21

What percentage of the industrial workforce were female by 1940

Answer 21

43%

Question 22

How many more woman were in education between 1928-1940

Answer 22

Double the amount

Question 23

How much less did woman earn than men in 1940

Answer 23

40% less

Question 24

What was the divorce rate in 1934

Answer 24

37%

Question 25

What were the abortion figures in 1934

Answer 25

150,000 abortions to every 57,000 live births

Question 26

What were the marriage statistics in 1937

Answer 26

91% of woman and 82% of men in their thirties were married

Question 27

What happened to population growth from 1928-1940

Answer 27

Got lower

Question 28

What did Lenin replace set up in 1917 to reform education

Answer 28

Commissariat of the Enlightenment

Question 29

What did the Commissariat of the Enlightenment introduce

Answer 29

Free education at all levels in coeducational schools

Question 30

What were abolished at schools in the 1920’s

Answer 30

Textbooks and exams

Question 31

What was introduced at primary and secondary schools under Lenin

Answer 31

A combination of academic and physical work

Question 32

What did Stalin do to the education system

Answer 32

Reversed liberal reforms such as lack of textbooks and exams Increased the amount of ‘practical work’

Question 33

What did Stalin get rid of in 1935 in regards to education

Answer 33

The quota system which allowed large quantities of working classes into secondary schools and selection was distributed evenly

Question 34

What were the components of school curriculums under Stalin and how much time was devoted to them

Answer 34

Russian language and literature- 30% Maths- 20% Science- 15% Soviet style history- 10%

Question 35

What happened to teachers who’s students did poorly

Answer 35

Purged

Question 36

What was the literacy rates in Russia in 1941

Answer 36

9-49 in towns= 94% 9-49 in rural areas= 86%

Question 37

What did Marx describe religion as

Answer 37

‘The opium of the people’

Question 38

What happened to church schools in 1917

Answer 38

Taken over by the state

Question 39

When was the teaching of religion banned in schools

Answer 39

1921

Question 40

What happened to monasteries in 1921

Answer 40

Became hospitals, prisons and barracks

Question 41

Who was Tikhon

Answer 41

Patriarch or the Orthodox Church

Question 42

What happened to Tikhon in 1922 a

Answer 42

Underwent a show trial and was arrested Released as accepted religious changes

Question 43

Who was Tikhons successor

Answer 43

Sergius

Question 44

What happened to Sergius

Answer 44

Arrested in 1925 until 1927 as he didn’t accept religious changes

Question 45

What were seized during the civil war

Answer 45

Church bells They were melted and sold for profit

Question 46

What replaced Christmas and Easter in 1929

Answer 46

New Year’s Eve and May Day

Question 47

What happened to Islamic properties after the civil war

Answer 47

Confiscated by the state

Question 48

What was forbidden for Muslims in 1935

Answer 48

Pilgrimage to Mecca Wearing a veil Frequent prayers and fasts

Question 49

How many religious buildings were seized by the state and converted by 1941

Answer 49

40,000 churches 25,000 mosques

Question 50

What percentage considered themselves religious in 1937

Answer 50

57%

Question 51

What happened in Finland in 1917

Answer 51

Opted to become and independent stage

Question 52

What did Ukraine set up in 1917

Answer 52

Elected rada (parliament)

Question 53

What were minorities given in 1926

Answer 53

Individual representation in the communist party

Question 54

What percentage of the population was Jewish in 1941

Answer 54

25%

Question 55

What were abolished in 1917

Answer 55

Anti semitic laws

Question 56

What did Stalin do to create an image of a single ‘soviet identity’

Answer 56

Made learning Russian compulsory in all schools in 1938 Made Russian only language used in red army Deported many non Russians

Question 57

What caused anti semitism to grow again in 1939

Answer 57

Invasion of Poland and eastern Baltic republics which lead to 2 million Jews joining the empire

Question 58

What was Stalin’s main type of propaganda

Answer 58

His ‘cult of personality’

Question 59

What did many peasants have in their homes

Answer 59

‘Red corner’ of soviet leaders

Question 60

How was Lenin seen in the late 20’s and what is proof of this

Answer 60

God like Petrograd became Leningrad

Question 61

What was the 1920’s known as for Russian literature and poetry

Answer 61

The sliver age

Question 62

What did writers have to belong to as of 1932

Answer 62

Union of soviet weietrs

Question 63

What were the consequences of the okay ‘lady Macbeth of Mtensk’

Answer 63

Dmitry Shostakovich avoided arrest Theatre director who spoke for the writer was tortured and killed Theatre directors wife was stabbed

Question 64

what percentage of higher education places were reserved for women under Stalin

Answer 64

20% in 1929

Question 65

what percentage of engineering students were women under Stalin

Answer 65

40% by 1940