Chapter 22 (Cloning and Biotechnology) Flashcards
What are the steps of baking?
1) Yeast mixture added to flour + other ingredients. Left in warm environment to rise
2) Dough knocked back, kneaded, shaped and left to rise
3) Cooked in hot oven, CO2 bubbles expand. Yeast is killed by heat
What are the steps of brewing?
1) Malting
2) Mashing
3) Fermentation
4) Maturation
5) Finishing
What is the malting step in brewing?
Barley germinates, creating enzymes which break down starch into sugars (usable by yeast). Seeds killed but enzymes remain active, producing malt.
What is the mashing step in brewing?
Malt mixed with 55-65°C water, enzymes break down starch to produce wort. Hops added for flavour + antiseptic qualities. Wort sterilised + cooled.
What is the fermentation step in brewing?
Wort inoculated with yeast. Temp remained for fermentation. Eventually yeast inhibited by falling pH, ethanol build up + lack of oxygen.
What is the maturation step in brewing?
Beer conditioned for 4-29 days at 2-6°C in tanks
What is the finishing step in brewing?
Beer filtered, pasteurised, + bottled with CO2
What are the two types of artificial cloning?
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and Artificial twinning
What is micropropagation?
Making a large number of genetically identical offspring from a single parent using tissue culture techniques (plants)
What are the basic steps of micropropagation?
1) Take a small sample of tissue in sterile conditions (Sample=explant)
2) Sample immersed in sterilising agents such as bleach
3) Explant placed in sterile culture medium, growing into a callus
4) Callus split up and transferred to different culture medium, growing into many plantlets
5) Plantlets potted into compost
What is malt?
Malt is the dried seeds with sugar from the malting process
What is wort?
Wort is the sugary water created in the mashing process
What are hops?
Hops are flower heads used for flavour and antiseptic qualities
