Chapter 22 Flashcards
When do the testes begin to descend
2 months prior to birth
The testes begin to leave the peritoneal space and descend through the inguinal canal before birth but their descent may not be completed some time after birth.
Where do the testes originate in a fetus
Retroperitoneal space
The testes begin their descent from an area behind the parietal peritoneum near the kidneys (retroperitoneal)
The failure of testes to descend is referred to as
Cryptorchidism
Spermatogenesis is a function of the
Seminiferous tubule
The process of capacitation usually occurs in the
Vagina
The process of weakening the acrosomal cap occurs in the female tract as the sperm cells attain penetration ability or capacitance.
Semen in a collective term for
Semen is the collective term for all of the components including the sperm cells (spermatozoa) and the alkaline pH, mucus and fructose
The urethra passes though the ? Of the penis
Corpora spongiosum
Name 3 things compatible with penile erection
Parasympathetic stimulation
Arterial dilation
Venous compression
Blood enters the erectile corpora tissue in the penis; stimulation is a parasympathetic event but orgasm is sympathetic
What hormone initiates the changes in puberty
GnRH
The vulva includes what
Labia
Clitoris
Vestibular glands
The vulva is the anatomical term for all of the collective female external genitalia
What female structure corresponds to the scrotum in the male
Labia major
The labia major are the folds of skin, adipose and smooth muscle that border the pudendal cleft
The ? Is the space between the labia minor
Vestibule
The vulva is the collective term for external genitalia
Name 3 parts of the clitoris
Corpora cavernosa
Crura
Glans
The female bartholin glands corresponds to the male
Cowper’s
What hormone thickens the lining of the uterus
Estrogen
What hormone causes the uterus to increase glycogen
Progesterone
Progesterone stimulates the increase in lipids and glycogen in the endometrium necessary to insure implantation of the embryo
The shedding and bleeding of the decidua during menses is directly caused by low levels of
Sex steroids
Name 4 results of menopause
Loss of hormones
Reduction in breast mass
Decrease in calcium deposition
Psychological changes
Specifically, where are sperm cells formed within the testes
Within the seminiferous tubules
What is the source of the male sex hormone
Interstitial cells
Testicular cancer usually arises from the
Seminiferous tubules
abnormal cell division can occur in the seminiferous tubules causing a serious cancer that may warrant orchiectomy
Where do sperm cells attain fertilization competence and motility
Epididymis
The sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules but must progress to the epididymis outside the testis to gain maturity and motility capabilities
Where does the epididymis direct sperm cells into
Vas deferens
The sperm proceed from the rete testis into the epididymis and through the long vas deferens tubule;
The end of the vas deferens is a dilated sac called the
Ampulla
The vas deferens is also called ductus deferens
The ejaculatory duct is the union of the vas deferens and
Seminal vesicle
Each vas deferens enters the prostate and merges with the seminal vesicle ducts to form the ejaculatory ducts
The substrate used for sperm metabolism is produced by
Seminal vesicle
The main function of the prostate seems to be
Secretion of alkaline mucus
Infertility could develop when the sperm cell display
A count of less than 20 million per ml semen
Many sperm cells are required to increase the probability of fertilization; less than 20 million cells seems to be inadequate since the average ejaculation contains 120 million cells per cc (ml) of semen
What male part has no homolog in the female
Prostate
The target of FSH is the
Seminiferous tubule
The target of ICSH is the
Interstitial cells
Testosterone is converted to ? In the prostate
Dihydrotestosterone
Name 4 functions of testosterone
Thickening of the larynx
Anabolism of skeletal muscle
Thickening of bones
Stimulation of body hair
What normally inhibits testosterone production
Decreasing ICSH
The largest ovarian ligament is the ? Ligament
Broad
The broad ligament is a fold of the peritoneum that is attached to the ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus
How many oocytes are there in the ovaries of an adult
400,000
Only around 400,000 oocytes remain in an adult because of atrophy of some of the primordial follicles and lack of replacement
Name of cell that has been fertilized by a sperm cell
Secondary oocytes
The oogonia develop into oocytes; the secondary oocyte completes its meiosis only when it is fertilized and becomes the ovum
A cell called the ? Is a fertilized cell with 46 chromosomes
Zygote
The result of oogenesis is
One secondary oocyte
Spermatogenesis produces 4 spermatozoa for every parent cell but oogenesis produces only one secondary oocyte because of the loss of cells called polar bodies from unequal meiosis
The outside layer of the oocytes is the
Zona pellucida
The mature follicle is also called a
Graafian follicle
The Graafian follicle is the mature follicle prior to ovulation; the granulosa cells are the early cells that surround an oocyte.
When do the corona radiata cells appear
12 days
The corona radiata is the group of follicular cells that becomes attached to the zona pellucida around 10-12 days into the cycle
During ovulation, the oocyte passes into the
Pelvic cavity
The oocyte eventually finds its way into the Fallopian tube
What is the first structure to receive the oocyte
Fimbriae
The oocyte enters the fimbriae border of the infundibulum of the uterine tubes
The largest component of the uterus by weight is the
Myometrium
The myometrium is the thick smooth muscle layer of the uterus; the broad ligament is wider but lighter
The superior portion of the uterus is the
Fundus
The outer serosal layer of the uterus is the
Perimetrium
The perimetrium is the outer layer of the uterus that is continuous with the ligaments.
The superior region of the vagina is the
Cervix
Which hormone stimulates the secondary female sex organs
Estrogen
The purpose of FSH and LH is to prepare the ovary to produce its estrogens which will then target secondary sex organs
Name 4 functions of estrogen
Favors the deposition of adipose tissue
Breast development
Increased skin blood vessels
Enlarges clitoris
What area experiences the greatest change in a menstrual cycle
Endometrium
Name 3 sources of estrogen
Adrenal gland
Ovary
Follicle
What factor causes the act of ovulation
LH levels
Where is the majority of progesterone produced
Corpus luteum
What hormone is produced throughout a menstrual cycle
Estrogen
What factor will inhibit the secretion of estrogens
Estrogens
What factor will inhibit LH secretion
Progesterone
What is the most accurate sequence of hormones of the menstrual cycle
FSH, estrogen, LH, progesterone
FSH stimulates estrogen secretion during the first half of a cycle; LH hen causes an increase in progesterone during the second half
During spermatogenesis, which stage is the first to be haploid in number of chromosomes
Secondary spermatocyte
What portion of the sperm cell contains the 23 chromosomes
Head
The head of the sperm is analogous to the nucleus
Males have a number of internal accessory organs. Which ones are responsible for secreting fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins
Seminal vesicles
Which male accessory gland lies inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra like a donut
Prostate gland
A number of hormonal secretions begin to increase during puberty. Which hormone appears to initiate the process of puberty
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone( GnRH)
Within the female ovary, primordial follicles begin their development when?
During prenatal development
Female germ cells originate prior to birth
What is the purpose of polar bodies during oogenesis
Polar bodies serve both as a dumping ground for extra sets of chromosomes and ensure that the ovum will have most of the cytoplasma
Polar bodies are “ waste”
During ovulation, an ? Is released from the ovary
Secondary oocyte
Which layer of the uterus is shed once monthly during menstruation?
The endometrium
The internal layer of the uterus is the endometrium
Ovulation appears to be triggered by a mid cycle surge in
Luteinizing hormone LH
LH levels peak just prior to ovulation
What sexual transmitted disease is also associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in females
Chlamydia infections
Chlamydia spreads internally causing extreme pain
What is the term for the primary human sex organs
Gonads
Gonads means testes or ovaries
What factor favors spermatozoa development
Temperature of 34 C
Spermatozoa mature best below body temperature
Which cells are the earliest in the male sequence of sperm production
Spermatogonia
Spermatogonia are male stem cells
What sperm structure contains enzymes that help penetrate ova
Acrosome
The acrosome is filled with hyaluronidase
Name 3 components found within the spermatic cord
Blood vessel, nerve, smooth muscle
The spermatic cord enters the scrotum
How many mature, functional follicles will a female produce in a lifetime
About 400
At once a month for about 35 reproductive years, 35 x 12 = 420; minus any pregnant time
Which structure is formed following ovulation
Corpus luteum
Follicular cells that remain in the ovary form the corpus luteum
Semen contain chemicals that cause female smooth muscle to contract
T or F
True
Semen contains prostaglandins which cause smooth muscle to constrict in the female tract to possibly aid fertilization
Testosterone injections are used to treat prostate cancer
T or F
False
Testosterone seems to stimulate the growth of cancerous tissue, while administration of female hormones such as estrogens, inhibit cancer in the male
Sperm cells die immediately when they are released from the body and are placed in a petri plate
T or F
False
Sperm cells can remain viable for several days outside of the body and several years if frozen if frozen at -100 degrees C
The Dartos muscle assists sperm development by helping maintain a testes temperature close to 98.6
T or F
False
The purpose of the smooth muscles in and outside the testes is to help maintain a scrotal temperature below that of the body
The crura of the corpora cavernosa attach the penis to the bones of the pubic arch
T or F
True
The crura (legs) of the pens is are the segments of the corpora cavernosa that are attached to the pubic arch; the corpora spongiosum becomes the bulb at the base
Emission is the release of semen from the body during the process of orgasm
T or F
False
Emission refers to the movement of sperm cells caused by peristaltic smooth muscle waves through the ducts. Ejaculation is the forceful ejection of semen from the body during orgasm and is facilitated by penile skeletal muscle bands
Testosterone increases the number of red blood cells
T or F
True
Testosterone is an anabolic steroid that stimulates cell division in many populations including erythrocytes which partially explains the higher RBC count in males compared to females
The ovarian medulla contains cells that will differentiate into the oocytes
T or F
False
The ovarian outer cortex layer contains the primitive oocytes and the medulla is comprised of blood vessels and nerves
The outer layer of an ovary is similar to the tinica albuginea outer testis layer
T or F
False
The tunica albuginea is made of tough white fibrous connective tissue while the outer layer of the ovary is a thin layer of soft germinal epithelial cells
Females produce hundreds of oocytes each month in comparison to the millions of sperm cells produced in the same age male
T or F
False
Females only produce around 450 secondary oocytes in their lifetime, only about one is produced monthly
Ciliated epithelium and peristaltic waves help move the oocyte through the Fallopian tubes.
T or F
True
The uterine (Fallopian) tubes are lined with ciliates simple columnar epithelial cells that move mucus toward the uterus, the walls contain peristaltic smooth muscle
The vagina is anterior to the bladder and posterior to the rectum
T or F
False
The vagina is posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum
All of the muscle associated with the vagina is involuntary and smooth
T or F
False
There is a ring of skeletal, voluntary muscle that surrounds the opening called the bilbo spongiosum, there are several skeletal around but not in the vagina
During orgasm, the muscle of the uterus and uterine tubes undergo rhythmic contractions
T or F
True
The muscles of the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina undergo a rhythmic pulse of contractions that probably help move semen toward the site of fertilization
Female athletes usually experience menstrual cycles with excessive loss of blood
T or F
False
Female athletes usually display a drop in estrogen levels that leads to decrease in menstrual bleeding or oligomenorrhea, even cessation or amenorrhea
What is the first female menstrual cycle called
Menarche
Early breast development is called
Thelarche
The hormone inhibit acts to decrease the production of FSH
T or F
True
Inhibin is produced by the corpus luteum and causes an inhibition of FSH therefore prevents the development of another follicle prematurely
The cortical granules of the ovum membrane cause the increase in sperm acrosomal activity and penetration
T or F
False
The cortical granules actually have a lysosomal-like activity that causes the zona pellucida to harden, preventing penetration by another sperm
Cleavage is an early process of division that causes an increase in the size of the embryo
T or F
False
The early stages of zygote division are called cleavage periods and do not increase the size of the mass.
Endometriosis is the increase in uterine tissue which causes excessive bleeding and possible infertility
T or F
True
Endometriosis is the growth of excess endometrium which can spread into the uterine tubes, vagina or pelvic cavity; fertilization becomes more difficult, but the condition is sometimes cured with a pregnancy
For most women who decide to breast feed, it will be easier to become pregnant during the first month after delivery than it will be one year later
T or F
False
Especially if the woman breast feeds, hormones such as FSH are suppressed during the first few months after delivery, preventing the resumption of normal cycles
Spermicidal foams and creams are an effective means of contraception
T or F
False
Spermicidal contraceptives are effective when used with another method such as the insertion of a diaphragm
Estrogen stimulates fat deposition and duct development in the breasts
T or F
True
Estrogen develops the ducts of the mammary gland while progesterone stimulates the alveolar milk producing glands
A mammogram can be used to screen for but not diagnose breast cancer
T or F
True
Mammograms are xray photographs of breast tissue and can visualize lumps and changes, but a positive diagnosis of cancer depends upon blood tests and tissue examinations
The testes in the male and ovaries in the female can both be found in the pelvic cavity of an early fetus
T or F
False
The cells that become the gonads originate in the abdominal cavity near the kidney
Meiosis is defined as the process by which sperm cells give rise to four daughter cells each
T or F
False
Meiosis is the splitting of the nucleus
The epididymis is a coiled tubule in the testes that stores sperm cells
T or F
False
The epididymis is external to the teste
The vas deferens connects to the urethra at the base of the penis
T or F
False
The vas connects to the ejaculatory duct, not the urethra, at the prostate
The ovarian follicle cells will develope into the oocytes each month
T or F
False
Follicular cells support the oocytes, which are present before birth
In a pregnancy, the corpus luteum will last from 3 to 6 months
T or F
False
The corpus luteum last a maximum of about 3 months
