Chapter 19 Flashcards
Which one is part of the upper respiratory tract A. Lung B. trachea C. Bronchi D. Pharynx
D. Pharynx
The internal nares will open into the
Nasopharynx
The olfactory nerve pass through openings in the
Cribriform plate
Most of the respiratory passage surface is lined with
Pseudostratified epithelium
The entrance into the system is covered with stratified squamous epithelium which is followed by pseudo stratified epithelium
The tissue lining the alveoli is
Simple squamous epithelium
How many alveoli are there in an average adult lung
300,000,000
Gas is exchanged in the alveoli by a process of
Simple diffusion
What is the entrance to the lung called
Hilus
The pleura cavity is the space between the lung and
Parietal pleura
Which of these is not a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A. Emphysema B. asthma C lung cancer D. Bronchitis
C lung cancer
What mechanism prevents over inflation of the lungs
Hering-Breuer reflex
What is the most common cause of hyperventilation?
Anxiety
What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
Nitrogen
The air is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and .04% carbon dioxide
What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen?
160 mm Hg
What is the normal PCO2 of the capillary blood?
45 mm Hg
The partial pressure of capillary carbon dioxide is 45 mmHg which is greater than the 40 mm Hg in the alveolar air allowing CO2 to leave the blood
Which on is not a function of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity
A. Warms incoming air
B. filters particles from incoming air
C. Moistens incoming air
D. Initial gas between air and blood occurs here
D. Initial gas exchange between air and blood occurs here is False
The ? Cartilage marks the lowermost portion of the larynx
Cricoid
The cricoid cartilage is the inferiormost cartilage of the larynx
Where are the true vocal cords located?
Inferior to the false vocal cords
The saying false over true supports this
Thin walled outpouchings of the alveolar ducts of the lungs are
Alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs are thin-walled structures of the respiratory zone
The primary force responsible for air moving into the lungs during inhalation is
Atmospheric pressure
Which is not a function of the mucous lining of the respiratory Tract A. Warms incoming air B. contains microvilli C. Contains cilia D. Cleanses particles
B. Contains microvilli
Microvilli are cell extensions found in the gastrointestinal tract. Cilia move in a wavelike manner to remove foreign particles in the respiratory tract
Which one does not contain a sinus A. Frontal bone B. ethmoid C. Zygomatic bone D. Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Where are the palatine tonsils located
Oropharynx
The true vocal cords move because they are attached to the
Artyetoid cartilage
C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the
Trachea
The trachea or windpipe contains C shaped pieces of cartilage which allow the soft trachea to remain open
The carina separates the ? From each other
Primary bronchi
The carina is an area of cartilage which separates the openings of the two primary bronchi
There are how many secondary bronchi
5
There are 2 secondary bronchi on the left and 3 on the right
The bronchioles enter the ? Of the lungs
Lobules
The functional gas exchanging units are called
Alveoli
The relative amount of smooth muscle is highest in the
Bronchioles
The bronchioles have lost their cartilage and become mainly comprised of smooth muscle which causes them to collapse during the spasms of asthma
The main function of the pleural membranes is to
Reduce friction
The pleural membranes are serous and slippery and allow the lungs to slide during breathing with out damage from friction rubs
Atmospheric pressure is
760 mm Hg
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere or 760 torr
The movement of air within the respiratory system is termed
Ventilation
Ventilation is the movement of air throughout a duct system while respiration is the exchange of gases, breathing includes the mechanical events involved
What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation
Surfactant
The main force causing the exhalation of air is the
Elastic recoil
During inspiration the intra-alveolar pressure reaches
758 mmHg
During inspiration the thorax expands and the intra-pulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric, this negative pressure causes air to enter the lungs
A pneumothorax occurs when the thoracic pleural pressure reaches around ? MmHg
760 mm Hg
A pneumothorax occurs whenever the pleural pressure reaches atmospheric, causing the lung to collapse, this may result from injury or disease
The ? Muscle can cause a forced exhalation
Internal intercostal
The amount of air that enters the lung during normal, restful breathing is called
Tidal volume
The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the
Residual volume
The total mount of air that cannot be exchanged either because of disease or because it cannot reach an exchange site is
Physiological dead space
The physiological dead space is the sum of the anatomic and alveolar dead space volumes
The condition characterized by alveolar fibrosis with difficultly exhaling is
Emphysema
The condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to an allergic response is
Bronchial asthma
Non-respiratory movements are most easily triggered by stimuli in which area?
Larynx
The distal parts of the lower respiratory tract lack the type of nerve supply than can act as a stimulus pathway to elicit a cough
What reflex involves a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm
Hiccup
A hiccup is a sudden spastic contraction of the diaphragm and results Ina sound of air striking the vocal cords
What reflex is caused by local alveolar decreases in oxygen content
Yawn
Breathing is controlled mainly by the
Medulla oblongata
What area exerts its effect on the primary breathing control area
Pneumotaxic area of the pons
The most primary or vital centers for breathing are located within the medulla, the pons acts as an accessory center to modify the rate of medullary breathing impulses
Which one favors an increase in breathing rate A. Increased blood oxygen B. increased blood carbon dioxide C. Increased pH D. Decreased acidity
B. increased blood carbon dioxide
What is the normal PO2 of the alveolar air
104 mm Hg
The PO2 of the alveolar air is 104 mm Hg while the capillary blood is 40 mmHg, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood
Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found
The arteries entering the lung
What condition is characterized by inflammation and infection involving the alveoli
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung alveoli that usually is caused by a bacterium such as streptococcus
Most of the oxygen in the blood is found in the
Hemoglobin
At high PO2 levels, where is most oxygen located
Oxyhemoglobin
The ability of the heme of the hemoglobin to transport oxygen is based on physical laws of pressure and attraction
What factor favors the release of oxygen. From hemoglobin
Decreased pH
Hemoglobin will release its oxygen faster under conditions of increased acidity, higher temperatures and carbon dioxide, it is most saturated when the blood is more alkaline
What has the highest affinity for hemoglobin
CO
Carbon monoxide completes with oxygen causing carboxyhemoglobin to form
How is most carbon dioxide transported
As bicarbonate
The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in high amounts is
Carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in erythrocytes that increase the chemical conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate
The exchange of gases between blood and the cells of the body in called
Internal respiration
Internal respiration occurs between blood and tissues
The lipoprotein known as ? Reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do not collapse during exhalation
Surfactant
Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant
The force of exhalation is primarily due to
Elastic recoil of lung tissue
Recoil in the lungs causes the volume of the thoracic cage to decrease thus increasing pressure and forcing air out.
Even after the most forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. This volume is called
Look it up
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is the
Vital capacity
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is the
Vital capacity
The VC is the maximum amount of air the lungs can move
The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by which portion of the brain
Dorsal respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center
The DRG is the main controller of breathing
The respiratory membrane, across which gasses diffuse, is very thin and is made up of
Alveolar cell membrane, capillary membrane, and fused basement membranes
The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood is dependent upon
The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs and in the blood
According to Henry’s law, partial pressure differences determine gas movements
What is the first structure in this respiratory sequence
Pharynx
The pharynx, or throat, is the most superior structure in the sequence
Which structures play the greatest role in warming and humidifying air
Conchae
The turbulence provided by the conchae, along with their surface area, provides great warming capabilities
The area directly superior to the soft palate is the
Nasopharynx
Which passageway serves as a common route for food for food or air
Oropharynx
The orpharynx communicates with both the nasal and oral cavities
What is the opening to the larynx called
Glottis
The glottis is the opening to the airways
What is the Adam’s apple directly part of
Thyroid cartilage
An anterior fold in the thyroid cartilage is known as the “Adam’s apple”
Which part of the bronchial tree has the greatest relative percentage of smooth muscle fibers
Bronchioles
Bronchi are mostly cartilage, alveoli are only epithelium, but bronchioles have smooth muscle
The only structures that allow gas diffusion across them are the
Alveoli
Only the walls of alveoli are thin enough for gas exchange
The space between the two lungs is called
Mediastinum
The heart, esophagus and trachea are located in the mediastinum
What is the most powerful stimuli for breathing
Low pH and high carbon dioxide
Central chemoreceptors will trigger breathing increases if acid and or CO2 are high
During inspiration the diaphragm moves upward while the thorax expands and moves outward
T or F
False
During inhalation the diaphragm contracts and moves downward causing the thorax to increase and the abdomen to decrease in size
When the diaphragm contracts, the pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases
T or F
True
While the diaphragm contracts the pressure with in the thoracic cavity falls because of the larger space and is now below atmospheric
The compliance of the lung increases as the lung expands
T or F
False
Compliance refers to the ability of the lungs to expand as a result of pressure changes, the compliance decreases with inhalation because it becomes increasingly difficult to expand an expanded lung even further
The anatomical dead space represents the air that is trapped in the alveoli and is around 150 mL
T or F
False
The anatomical dead space represents the amount of air that does not come in contact with the alveoli but remains in the passages
The alveolar dead space is e volume of air that cannot cross the alveoli because of a disease process
T or F
True
The alveolar dead space is the amount of air that cannot functionally cross the alveoli for exchange because of changes such as poor capillary blood flow.
Bronchogenic carcinoma is a lung cancer that has spread or metastasized from some outside organ
T or F
False
Bronchogenic carcinoma begins in the epithelial lining of the bronchial tree
The alveolar ventilation is usually less than the minute respiratory volume
T or F
True
The alveolar ventilation rate is the breathing rate per minute times the tidal volume minus the physiologic dead space, in a male this is around 4,200mL per minute in comparison to 6,000mL per minute which is the average minute respiratory volum
There are chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies which are very sensitive to fluctuations in the levels of blood oxygen
T or F
False
Oxygen is a vital gas required for cells but the body is least able to detect it directly, but instead relies on reflexes associated with pH or CO2, the direct response to low oxygen levels is weak
Decreasing blood oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide cause major increases seen in breathing rate during strenuous exercise
T or F
False
Studies now indicated that the stretch reflexes mediated by proprioceptors in the joints and muscles may have a greater effect on increasing heart rate than blood parameters
Hyperventilation causes its symptoms mainly because it results in respiratory acidosis
T or F
False
Hyperventilation causes the excess elimination of carbon dioxide and H+, therefore raising the pH, alkalosis than causes CNS changes such as dizziness
The respiratory membrane is the simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli
T or F
False
The respiratory membrane is a combination of the alveolar membrane and the capillary membrane in contact with it
There are phagocytic cells within the lungs that move among the alveoli to remove foreign particles
T or F
True
The alveolar macrophages are able to move through the pores in the alveoli and are part of the reticuloendothial system
If the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide was 45 mm Hg, carbon dioxide would not readily diffuse into the air
T or F
True
The movement of gases depends upon the simple laws of diffusion, the capillary PCO2 is usually 45mm Hg so there would be no net movement in is case
The PO2 in the pulmonary veins is less than the PO2 in the alveolar air
T or F
True
The alveolar PO2 is 104 mm Hg while the pulmonary blood that leaves the lung, in the pulmonary veins, has a PO2 off 100 mm Hg
Retrolental fibroplasia develops in an infant who does not have sufficient blood oxygen
T or F
False
RLF may develope and cause blindness in infants who have been exposed to excess oxygen or hyperopia conditions, because of retinal capillary damage from the oxygen
ARDS is a condition of lung collapse or atelectasis in a newborn
T or F
False
Atelectasis can occur in the infant respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS is the adult respiratory syndrome RDS
At high altitudes it is difficult to breathe because the air has a lower percent of oxygen
T or F
False
At high altitudes, the percent of oxygen may remain the same but there is a lower effective pressure because the atmospheric pressure and therefore the partial pressure is less than 160 mm Hg
Oxygen dissociates faster from hemoglobin during exercise
T or F
True
Hemoglobin releases its oxygen faster under conditions of acidity such as those generated during skeletal muscle contraction, the purpose is to increase muscle oxygen
Carbon dioxide and oxygen compete for binding sites with the hemoglobin
T or F
False
Carbon dioxide is transported on the NH2 of the globin as carboaminohemoglobin and oxygen is independently carried on the iron
When swallowing, the soft palate would have to move downward in order to prevent food from entering the lungs
T or F
False
The soft palate moves upward to block the nasal cavity
In order to maintain homeostatis, chloride ions follow as bicarbonate moves out of the erythrocytes
T or F
False
In the chloride shift, Cl- ions are exchanges for HCO3- in order to maintain a state of electrical balance (electrophysiologic homeostatis)
The main purpose for cellular oxygen is to provide a means of producing most of the cell energy
T or F
True
Oxygen is used in many metabolic steps to result in energy, including the citric acid cycle only a small amount of energy can be obtained anaerobically by human cells
The smooth muscle within the vocal coeds allow them to change their tension for vocalization
T or F
False
The muscles of the vocal cords are skeletal muscles
The trachea contains rings of cartilage that surround the windpipe to keep it rigid
T or F
False
The tracheal rings are incomplete witch allow flexibility.
