Chapter 14 Flashcards
The percentage of blood cells in whole blood is called
Hematocrit
Hematocrit represents about 45% of the total blood volume and is also referred to as the HCT or packed cell volume (PCV)
The Buffy coat evidenced by separating blood cells is comprised of
Platelets and leukocytes
The Buffy coat contains the white blood cells and platelets suspended between the red blood cells and plasma
Which blood component transport most of the gases
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells transport most of the oxygen as oxyhemoglobin and about 8-25% of the carbon dioxide as carbaminohemoglobin.
Each red cell contains ?% of its volume as the pigment hemoglobin
33%
About 1/3 of the volume of an erythrocytes is hemoglobin
Which one is a agranulocyte? A. Neutrophil B. monocytes C. Basophils D. Easinophil
B. monocytes
The cells called agranulocyte are the monocytes and lymphocytes because they do not have the typical granules found in the other cells
Which condition is characterized by abnormal increase in red blood cell count A. Polycythemia B. anemia C. Leukemia D. Porphyria
A. Polycythemia
Porphyria involves abnormal metabolism of molecules related to heme
Which condition is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 A. Aplastic anemia B. pernicious anemia C. Hemolytic anemia D. Hemorrhagic anemia
A. Pernicious anemia
Which cells are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Neutrophil
Mature neutrophil have a complex nuclear that appears to have many segments to it
Which cells are the rarest leukocytes
Basophils
Under normal conditions, eosinophils account for around 1-3% of the differential white cell count and basophils less than 1%
Which organ has the greatest role in synthesizing most blood nutrients?
Liver
The liver is the most actively metabolic organ in the body and synthesizes most of the blood proteins and nutrients from simple compounds such as glucose and amino acids
Which one is mainly comprised of triglycerides A. HDL B. LDL C. VLDL D. Chylomicrons
D. Chylomicrons
The chylomicrons are comprised mainly of triglyceride lipids with some protien
Which of these has the highest proportion of proteins A. Chylomicrons B. VLDL C. LDL D. HDL
D. HDL
The high density lipids (HDL) contain high concentrations of proteins and lesser amounts of lipids
Which lipoprotein has the highest percentage of cholesterol? A. VLDL B. LDL C. HDL D. Chylomicron
B. LDL
The low density lipoprotein transport most of the cholesterol to places of deposition such as the walls of coronary arteries
During protein catabolism ? Is produced as an end product by the liver
Urea
Which factor promotes the appearance of the platelet plug A. Collagen B. serotonin C. Fibrinogen D. Vasodilation
A. Collagen
Fibrinogen converts to fibrin
The precursor of all lines of blood cells is the
Hemocytoblast
Hemocytoblast is a totipotent blood stem cell
When red blood cells are worn out, part of their components are recycled while others are disposed. Select the incorrect statement about the destruction of red blood cells
A. The greenish pigment, biliverdin, is recycled to the bone marrow
B. iron is carried to the bone marrow by a protein called transferrin
C. Biliverdin and bilirubin impart color to bile
D. Macrophages in the liver and spleen destroy worn out red blood cells.
A. The greenish pigment, biliverdin, is recycled to the bone marrow.
This is true of pigments.
Which dietary components are needed for DNA synthesis, and thus greatly influence the production of red blood cells?
Vitamin B12 and folic acid are vital to DNA synthesis
The type of anemia that is fairly common and caused by insufficient dietary iron is A. Aplastic anemia B. pernicious anemia C. Hemolytic anemia D. Iron deficiency anemia
D. Iron deficiency anemia
Iron is a scarce element in most foods and is commonly deficient. It is necessary for hemoglobin production
What type of white blood cell is often first to arrive at the site of infection is a granulocyte and contains granules that stain light purple
Neutrophil
The most numerous and most active granulocyte are the neutrophil
Which cell has no nucleus when it is mature
Erythrocytes
The red blood cells gradually lose their nuclei as they leave the bone marrow and are released into the circulation
Which of these factors will increase the RBC or RCC A. Exercise B. dieting C. Low body temperature D. Decreased altitudes
A. Exercise
Periods of exercise, increased body temperature, large meals and high altitudes all can cause an increase in red blood cell count
Which one does not belong with the others A. Heme B. globin C. Bilirubin D. Biliverdin
C. Globin
The term globin refers to the protein in the hemoglobin which can readily be recycled, the heme will be degraded to bilirubin and biliverdin, which are bile pigments, which must be eliminated
Which of these is the earliest of this cell line A. Reticulocyte B. erythrocyte C. Erythroblast D. Hemocytoblast
D. Hemocytoblast
Red blood cells live around ? Before they disintegrate
120 day
Which organ has a primary role in stimulating blood cell formation
Kidney
Which one is not a site of red blood cell production in a fetus A. Bone marrow B. kidney C. Liver D. Spleen
B. kidney
The liver, spleen and bone marrow manufacture red blood cells in the fetus
Which one is a young platelet A. Progranulocyte B. basophilic band cell C. Monoblast D. Megakaryoblast
D. Megakaryoblast
Which did not develop from a myeloblast A. Basophil B. monocytes C. Eosinophils D. Neutrophil
Monocytes
Which one is the least essential for erythrocytes development A. Vitamin B12 B. vitamin B6 C. Folic acid D. Gastric intrinsic factor
B. vitamin B6
Which white blood cell is the most common
Neutrophil
Neutrophil account for around 54-62% of the white cell count, leukocyte is a general term for any white blood cell
Which leukocytes are the largest in the peripheral blood
Monocytes
Although immature cells are usually larger than mature cells, the monocytes is the largest of the circulation peripheral leukocyte
Which leukocyte does not have phagocytic properties
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes function to secrete chemicals like antibodies
The condition ? Is evidenced by a DIFF over 10,000 per cubic mm of whole blood A. Leukemia B. polycythemia C. Leukocytosis D. Leukopenia
C. Leukocytosis
Which one is a probable cause of leukocytosis A. Mumps B. chicken pox C. Influenza D. Appendicitis
D. Appendicitis
Most infections and some inflammation will elevate the white cell count, but there are exceptions such as salmonella poisoning or measles that exhibit lower counts
The ability called ? Explains how a white blood cell could be found in the urine A. Phagocytosis B. diapedesis C. Ameboid movement D. Infection
B. diapedesis
The ? Cells are actively involved with allergies
Eosinophils
Eosinophils release chemicals from their granules, such as histamines, that cause the symptoms seen in certain allergic reactions
The ? Cells are the usual sources of heparin
B. basophil
The basophil and tissue mast cells are sources of anti-coagulant heparin
The ? Cells release antibodies into the circulation
Lymphocytes
The B lymphocytes will respond to a foreign antigen by producing chemical antibodies which are intended to inactivate the invader
What is the most common cancerous condition in children A. Myeloid leukemia B. lymphoid leukemia C. Acute lymphoid leukemia D. Chronic lymphoid leukemia
C. Acute lymphoid leukemia
Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) can occur at any age but is most common in children
Megakaryocytes will differentiate into
Platelets
Platelets or thrombocytes are produced by the fragmentation of stem bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
What is a normal platelet count?
Platelet counts range from 130,000 to 360,000 per cubic mm of blood
Which component of whole blood account for clotting
Platelets
Which components of whole blood are the source of serotonin which causes smooth muscle cells to contract
Platelets
What is the most common component in the plasma?
Water
How much of the plasma is protein?
Proteins comprise about 7% of the total plasma volume
Which one is the most abundant of the plasma proteins A. Alpha globulin B. beta globulin C. Albumin D. Fibrinogen
C. Albumin
Albumin is about 3.5-5.5g per 100ml of plasma and is the most common protein
What is the most significant factor that helps maintain blood osmotic pressure A. Electrolytes B. albumin C. Fibrinogen D. Globulins
B. albumin
Although the majority of the osmotic molecules are the electrolytes and proteins, only the proteins are not free to cross capillary membranes and therefore exert a constant osmotic pressure, albumin is the most common blood protein
Which molecules are the sources of most antibodies A. Alpha globulin B. beta globulin C. Albumin D. Gamma globulin
D, gamma globulin
Alpha and beta globulins do produce some antibodies too
Which mineral is essential for coagulation to occur
Calcium is a cofactors in several enzymes involved with clotting
Which chemical initiates the extrinsic phase of clotting A. Fibrin B. fibrinogen C. Thromboplastin D. Prothrombin
C. Thromboplastin
Thromboplastin is released from injured cells and complexes with calcium to begin the first clotting cascade reactions
Which one is not always present in the blood A. Prothrombin B. thrombin C. Calcium D. Thromboplastin
B thrombin
Thrombin acts as an enzyme to cleave fibrinogen into active fibrin molecules
Which is the last molecule to a appear I'm a clotting reaction A. Fibrinogen B. fibrin C. Thrombin D. Prothrombin
B. fibrin
Fibrin is the active molecule that forms the network of fibrin threads in the clot that will entrap cells forming a blood clot
Which of these can dissolve a blood clot? A heparin B. plasminogen C. Plasmin D. PDGF
C. Plasmin
Plasminogen is converted to its active form plasmin which dissolves clots
Which of these is a pro coagulant? A. Heparin B. antithrombin C. Vitamin K D. Prostacyclin
C. Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin.
The others are anti coagulants
What is the rarest ABO type
AB
Who is at risk for developing a fatal Rh incompatibility
The second Rh+ fetus of a Rh- mother
The Rh antibodies are only produced following prior exposure. The Rh- mom won’t produce antibodies to her Rh+ fetus unless blood is mixed. Blood is mixed during labor causing mom to produce antibodies and develop a response to any subsequent Rh+ fetuses causing erythroblastosis fetalis
Select the incorrect statement about Red blood cells
A. Mature red blood cells lack nuclei
B. red blood cells contain hemoglobin
C. Deoxyhemoglobin is saturated with oxygen
D. Red blood cells lack mitochondria
C. Deoxy means oxygen is removed
The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are the
Monocytes
Monocytes become macrophages and dendritic cells
A person with eosinophilia or greater than normal numbers do eosinophils is most likely suffering from
Allergies or internal parasites
Eosinophils increase with allergies and parasites
An acute infection would show up Ina blood count as A. Leukopenia B. leukocytes is C. Too few helper T cells D. Thrombocytopenia
B. leukocytosis
Infection causes increased numbers of leukocytes
Which plasma proteins help transport lipids in the bloodstream A. Albumins B. alpha and beta globulin C. Fibrinogen D. Gamma globulin
B. the alpha and beta globulins form parts of lipoproteins
Sedentary people with elevated triglycerides levels who continue to eat fatty foods are likely to have high levels of ? In the their blood streams A. HDL B. LDL C. VLDL D. Chylomicrons
C. VLDL very low density lipoprotein
Triglycerides aggregate to form VLDL
List the correct order the steps of hemostasis
Blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation than blood coagulation
First vessel response, then cellular response and finally a protein response
Which clotting factor is released from damaged tissue, and initiates a chain of clotting events A. Prothrombin B. thrombin F. Fibrin D. Tissue thromboplastin
D. Tissue thromboplastin
Tissue thromboplastin initiates the extrinsic clotting cascade. The other substances are near the end of the cascade
Which blood cell can be described as being a biconcave disc
Erythrocytes
A RBC becomes biconcave when it loses its nucleus
Which one dies not belong with the others A. Erythrocytes B. serum C. Leukocyte D. Platelet
B serum
The others are formed elements and thus the solutes of the blood. Serum is the solvent
Which one directly defines the transportation of oxygen A. Hemoglobin B. oxyhemoglobin C. Reduced hemoglobin D. Red cell count
B. oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin is saturated
Red blood cells survive around ? Days
120
Due to having no nucleus, a RBC only last about 4 months
What is a normal white blood cell count
A normal WBCC is 5 to 10 thousand cells per cubic mm
Which of these cell types should not be grouped with the others A. Neutrophil B. lymphocytes C. Eosinophils D. Basophils
B. Lymphocytes
A lymphocytes is an agranulocyte, the others are granulocytes.
Which type of condition is directly related to bone marrow suppression? A. Aplastic anemia B. anemia C. Sickle cell anemia D. Megaloblastic anemia
A. Aplastic anemia
Aplastic means not producing
Pregnancy requires the addition of supplements containing iron to support the increase in vasculature and oxygen demands
T or F
True
The increase in oxygen demand and 30% increase in blood volume require the synthesis Of additional red blood cells
It is possible to have anemia even when the erythrocytes count is above normal
T or F
True
Anemia is a functional decrease in the ability of the blood to transport oxygen and may result from decreased numbers or a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the hemoglobin, a condition called hypo chromic anemia results from an iron deficiency, although the cell count is normal
All leukocytes usually live from 7 to 21 days
T or F
False
Most leukocytes remain alive for up to 3 weeks but T lymphocytes are known to survive up to 10 years
Lymphocytes contain lysosomes, which actively decompose bacteria they engulf
T or F
False
Neutrophil and moncytes are the most active phagocytes, lymphocytes do not have the ability to engulf particles but may have lysosomes
The red color in inflammation is partially explained by the ability do erythrocytes to secrete histamines
T or F
False
Histamines are released from white blood cells, especial the eosinophils, and cause an increase in capillary permeability
Pus contains living as well as dead leukocytes that were summoned to the area by positive chemotaxis
T or F
True
Pus is a collection of leukocytes that have been attracted to the site of infection or inflammation
Thrombocytopenia or an increased tendency to bleed is a common consequence of leukemia
T or F
True
One of the causes of death from leukemia is internal hemorrhage caused by a deficiency of platelets caused by the excessive division of leukocytes within a limited area
Leukemia cells can be found within the brain or lungs
T or F
True
Although leukemia may originate in the bone marrow, the abnormal cells may be found everywhere as they disseminate through the blood or lymph by metastasis
A drop in osmotic pressure with resulting edema can be caused by a poor diet or liver disease
T or F
True
The liver and diet are the two most significant sources of plasma proteins which are significant in preventing loss of fluid from the blood
High density lipoproteins have relatively more lipids than proteins
T or F
False
Since lipids are less dense than proteins, high density lipoprotein combinations will have less proteins and more lipids
Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic condition which is characterized by high plasma LDL and increased risk of heart attack
T or F
True
In this inherited trait, there is a relative lack of LDL receptors in the liver and cholesterol is carried to other sites by the LDL such as the arteries developing arteriosclerosis
Excessive amount of creatinine in the blood could result from muscle or kidney disorders
T or F
True
Creatinine is a waste product of muscle or brain metabolism that is excreted by the kidneys
Damage to tissue initiates the intrinsic phase of clotting
T or F
False
The extrinsic phase of clotting is initiated by chemicals released from damaged tissue or blood vessel cells
Bleeding is a symptom of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
T or F
True
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is caused by infection or cancer and results in random clot formation which increases the chance for hemorrhage in other areas
Serum is the liquid portion of the blood that cannot clot
T or F
True
Serum is the fluid remaining after a clot has formed and does not contain many significant clotting elements
Streptokinase and urokinase are used to directly dissolve a thrombus that has moved into the lung
T or F
False
Technically speaking these enzymes can activate plasminogen which then dissolves the clot, a moving clot is properly termed an embolus
Person with type A agglutinogen will have anti B agglutinin in their blood also
T or F
True
In the ABO blood type system each person will produce the opposite antibody to the factor they have on their erythrocytes
Plasma is about 45% of the total blood volume
T or F
False
In a healthy person the plasma is slightly more than half the total volume of blood
Males have more red blood cells than females
T or F
True
Testosterone synergizes with EPO to increase the male RBCC
Cyanosis is the blue color of white skin caused by the presence do oxyhemoglobin
T or F
False
Deoxyhemoglobin causes a darker color that appears blue through light skin
Sickle cell anemia is identified by the presence of abnormally shaped red blood cells
T or F
False
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic defect in the hemoglobin molecule which will cause the cells to bend and block capillaries under reduced oxygen tension
All white blood cells retain their nucleus through out the life of the cell
T or F
True
Only RBC lose their nucleus
Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter the tissue spaces
T or F
True
Monocytes become macrophages and dendritic cells
It is more likely to find the smaller red blood cells in a urine specimen than the larger leukocytes
T or F
False
Leukocytes can enter other body tissues by diapedesis
Patients with leukemia often suffer clotting abnormalities and internal bleeding
T or F
True
Leukemia often affects the platelets as well
