Chapter 16 Flashcards
The ? Vessel drains the head? A. Intercostal trunk B. brochomediastinal C. Subclavian trunk D. Jugular trunk
C. Subclavian trunk drains the arm area and the jugular veins which drain the head
The lymphatic ducts will empty directly into the ? A. Heart B. subclavian veins C. Thoracic veins D. Brachiocephalic veins
B. subclavian veins. The ducts do not directly connect to the heart
Which is one major force that causes interstitial fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries? A, blood osmotic pressure B. blood hydrostatic pressure C. Tissue osmotic pressure D. Tissue hydrostatic pressure
D. Tissue hydrostatic pressure . Blood osmotic pressure draws fluid into the blood
The main activity that causes fluid to flow through lymphatic vessels is? A. Muscle contraction B.hydrostatic pressure C. Osmotic pressure D. Blood pressure
A. Since lymphatic pressure is low, it’s flow must be influenced by the same factors that increase venous return such as the contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel walls and the surrounding action of the skeletal muscles (skeletal pump)
The white pulp of the spleen functions to? A. Produce lymphocytes B. remove foreign particles C. Store blood D. Phagocytize bacteria
A. Produce lymphocytes. The white pulp contains a tissue similar to nodules that produce lymphocytes, lymphocytes are not phagocytic
An infection results when pathogens A. Enter a tissue area B. enter the blood C. Grow and multiply D. Grow and cause damage
D. Grow and cause damage . An infection is the invasion, growth, and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria that cause damage to a tissue
The fact that humans usually cannot contract monkey pneumonia is explained by the theory of A. Mechanical barriers B. enzyme actions C. Interferon D. Species resistance
D. Species resistance occurs when an agent will not cause infection in an animal which is not genetically similar to another animal that has the infection.
A nonspecific class of chemicals that can inhibit viruses and cancer cell growth is A. Antibodies B. peptides C. Interferons D. Antigens
C. Interferon. Antibodies are all quite specific
Which one is not an enzyme capable of destroying foreign bacteria? A. Pepsin B. fibrin C. Lysozyme D. Lipase
B fibrin. Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme
Which is the most common immunoglobulin for allergies? A. IgA B. IgE C. IgD D. IgG
B. IgE is the most common immunoglobulin that causes the pattern of type I allergy such as hay fever
Erythrocytes clump together because of a ? Process A. Clotting B. agglutination C. Complement D. Precipitin
B. agglutination
Which one can be initiated by any type of antibody fixation A. Complement B. neutralization C. Lysis phenomena D. Antibodies
A. Complement. One of the functions of antibodies is to activate the blood enzymes called the complement system which then directly causes a given response.
The process which increases the chance of a neutrophil or monocyte engulfing an invader is A. Phagocytosis B. neutralization C. Complement fixation D. Opsonization
D. Opsonins are antibodies that coat the surface of pathogens such as bacteria making them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Tumors are most likely inactivated by ? Cells A. B B. helper T C. Cytotoxic T D. Suppressor T
C. Cytotoxic T cells or killer T cells are stimulated by the antigen to attack and render non-viable the host cell the antigen is in, such as an abnormal protein from a tumor
The increase in antibody levels in a second antigen exposure is due to the A. Memory B cell B. T cells C. Helper T cells D. B clones
A. The memory B cells create a population of clones that can rapidly respond to a second exposure to antigens
Which one is not a function of the lymph nodes A. House lymphocytes and macrophages B. filter lymph C. Produce red blood cells D. Produce lymphocytes
C. Produce red blood cells
What is the role of the thymus in protecting the body against disease
A. It houses decaying lymphocytes, recycling the nutrients within them
B. it is the maturation of T lymphocytes and the production of thymosin
C. It is the production and maturation of b lymphocytes
D. Macrophages and monocytes are produced here and migrate to other tissues of the body
B. the thymus makes T cells immunocompetent
Select the one that is true above the splee
A. It filters the lymph the same way lymph nodes filter the blood
B. it harbors eosinophils waiting for parasites to attack the body
C. It is the major site of red and white blood cell production in the adults
D. The spleen filters the blood much the same way the lymph nodes filter the lymph
D. The spleen is in many ways like a large lymph node
Which one is not a nonspecific defense against disease A. Species resistance B. phagocytosis C. Interferon D. Hair color and texture
D. Hair color and texture
Where are B lymphocytes believed to mature in adult humans A. Bursa of Fabricus B. bone marrow C. Compact bone D. Liver
B. B lymphocytes are believed to mature in the bone marrow of adult humans. Bursa of Fabricus is a bird structure
What can happen if the pectoral lymph nodes were removed during a surgical procedure A. Cancer would develop in the area B. infections would spread C. The area would dehydrate D. Edema would develop distally
D. Since the lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic vessels, edema would develop in the areas that would otherwise have been drained, this often happens during breast cancer surgery
What's the main cause of edema following damage to an area of lymphatic vessels A. Increase in tissue proteins B. loss of tissue proteins C. Increase in blood osmotic pressure D. Increase in tissue osmotic pressure
A. Damage to a vessel interferes with the normal return of proteins that are lost from the circulation, consequently the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluids increases
An efferent vessel is carrying fluid A. Away from the heart B. towards the lymph node C. Out of an area D. Away from a node
D. Away from a node. A lymph node has affferent vessels that lead into it and efferent vessels that edit from the hilum.
Which on is not an area that contains lymph nodes? A. Abdominal cavity B. cranial cavity C. Thoracic cavity D. Axillary region
B. cranial cavity
Which of these nodes cannot be directly palpated? A. Inguinal B. axillary C. Cubital D. Mesenteric
D. Mesenteric
The breast tissue fluid will drain into the ? Nodes A. Inguinal B. pelvic C. Axillary D. Cervical
C. Axillary
What is the largest lymphatic organ in a child? A. Spleen B. adenoids C. Thymus D. Appendix
C. Thymus. The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in an adult.
Where is the thymus gland located? A. Mediastinum B. pleural cavity C. Abdominal cavity D. Superior to the pelvic nodes
A. Mediastinum. The thymus gland is embedded in the tissue on the superior surface of the heart and great vessels (mediastinum)
The cells with in the thymus gland originated from the ? A. Spleen B. liver C. Bone marrow D. Peyer's patches
C. Bone marrow. In development, leukocytes, and erythrocytes begin as stem cells in the yolk sac which then enter the fetus and migrate to blood islands in the bone marrow, some of these cells migrate to and remain in the thymus.
The red pulp of the spleen functions to. A. Produce erythrocytes B. produce lymphocytes C. Phagocytize senescent cells D. Produce B cells
C. Phagocytize senescent cells
The one is not a symptom of inflammation? A. Edema B. hyperemia C. Exudate D. Dehydration
D. Dehydration. In a typical inflammatory response, the area becomes swollen and congested with blood and fluids, exudates are secretions rich in fibrin
Which inflammatory response provides the greatest protection from the spread of pathogens? A. Antibody production B. increase in leukocytes C. Fibroblast activity D. Redness and edema
C. Fibroblast activity
The major pathologic feature of inflammation is A. Fibroblast activity B. capillary permeability C. Increase in blood D. Loss of function
D. Loss of function
What is the main inflammatory blood cell? A. Monocytes B. neutrophil C. Lymphocytes D. Eosinophils
B. neutrophil
Which of these does not belong to the others? A. Monocytes B. neutrophil C. Macrophages D. Histiocytes
B. neutrophils. Research indicates that the origin of many tissue macrophages or histiocytes appears to be monocytes that have left circulation and entered tissue spaces.
Which of the following is a specific immune defense? A. Antibody B. interferon C. Phagocytosis D. All of these
A. Antibody. Antibodies are specially produced only in response to definite antigens or foreign substances
Thymus derived lymphocytes comprise about ? % of the circulating lymphocytes? A. 99 B. 10 C. 50 D. 75
D. 75. About 70-80% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes are T-cells which originated in the bone marrow from thymus migration.
Where is the greatest number of B cells found? A. Lymph node B. circulating blood C. Bone marrow D. Lymph vessel
A. Lymph node. Only 20-30% of the circulating lymphocytes are B-cells, the majority reside in the lymph modules and nodes until mobilized.
Antigens are foreign substances recognized by A. Macrophages B. T cells C. B cells D. All of these
D. All of these. The recognition of foreign particles is a complex process that involves the collaboration among many cell types
Which one could not be antigenic by themselves A. Protein B. polysaccharides C. Haptens D. Glycolipids
C. Haptens. Haptens are chemicals that do not elicit immune responses by themselves but must be combined with some other agent