Chapter 22,25, & 26.1-4 Flashcards
Fungi are eukaryotic. What is a eukaryotic cell?
Cells that have a membrane bound nucleus.
How do fungi obtain nutrients?
They secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the nutrients.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction. They are organic molecules that speed up the rate at which a reaction approaches equilibrium.
Compare how fungi and bacteria obtain nutrition.
They both secrete enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients.
The body of a multicellular fungi is a thread like structure called a ?
Mycelium
How do fungal cell walls differ from plant cell walls?
Fungal cells have chitin in their cell walls like insects. Plants have cellulose.
Why are fungi important for the environment?
They are decomposers
What is the mycorrhiza and why is it important?
Mycorrhiza is the mutualistic interaction between plant roots and soil fungi.
Parasites usually do not outright kill the host. Why not?
If the host dies than the parasite will usually die.
What is ant-fungus mutualism?
it is a symbiosis seen in certain ant and fungal species, in which ants actively cultivate fungus much like human’s farm crops as food.
How do leafcutter ants obtain nutrition?
They grow fungi on the leaves.
Elm trees were once very common in America, hence all of the Elm streets. What happened to the American Elm tree?
They were destroyed by Dutch elm disease.
What causes Dutch elm disease and how is it spread?
It is a fungal disease spread by elm bark beetles.
Why are there currently very few chestnut trees?
Chestnut blight destroyed most of the trees
What causes chestnut blight and where did it come from?
Chestnut blight is a fungus that is native to China.
Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight destroyed many trees. Is that good, bad, or both good and bad for the environment?
The blight is bad for the chestnuts, but good for other species of trees that will grow in their place.
Many individuals want to preserve various ecosystems with their current species forever. Is this possible or even desireable?
It is not possible because of the constantly changing environment and the immigration of various diseases.
What is most involved in food storage?
ground tissue
Where does increases in stem length occur?
apical meristem
Parenchyma cells are NOT specialized for and involved in what activity?
Transport of food
Cells that are the main water-conducting cells of a plant are
xylem tubes
Gaseous exchange occurs in plants through these structures in the epidermis.
stomata
Buds are produced where?
in the angles where leaves attach to the stems
at the vey ends of stems
at the nodes
by the apical meristem
Deciduous plant
shed their leaves as winter approaches
The main photosynthetic area of a leaf is composed of
mesophyll
Extensions of root epidermis used to increase absorption are called
root hairs
If all of the phloem were stripped from around a tree in a process known as girdling,
the roots would starve and eventually the plant would die.
Annual growth rings are formed in woody stems principally through the activities of the
vascular cambium
What is not true of heartwood?
It is found in annuals.
Plants in general require a total of how many essential elements for their growth and survival?
16
What is the organic constituent of soil called?
humus
Which of the following is not part of soil?
Bedrock
Nodules found on the roots of leguminous plants are involved in supplying which element for the plant?
Nitrogen
Mycorrhizae are
fungus-root associations
What increases plant growth, are symbionts, allows a plant to absorb more water, and increases the surface area for absorption of water and minerals
Mycorrhizae
Most of the water that enters the plant
is lost through transpiration
Water tension in a transpiring plant is
a. exerted on a continuous column of water throughout the plant
b. is the result of the polar nature of water molecules
c. results in the loss of most of the water the plant absorbs
d. will exert a pull-on water molecule lower down in the plant’s vascular system
e. all of these
E
The water is pulled upward in the stem of the plant by
evaporation and cohesion
Transpiration provides a ____ pressure
Negative
