Chapter 22

Question 1

Clicker Training

Answer 1

A term popularized by Pryor (1999) for shaping behavior using conditioned reinforcement in the form of an auditory stimulus. A handheld device produces a Click sound when pressed. The trainer pairs other forms of reinforcement (e.g., edible treats) with the click sound so that the sound becomes a conditioned reinforcer.

Question 2

Differential Reinforcement

Answer 2

Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) (i.e., frequency, topography, duration, latency, or magnitude) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction. (See differential reinforcement of alternative behavior, differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior, differential reinforcement of other behavior, dis-crimination training, shaping.)

Question 3

Extinction-Induced Variability

Answer 3

Phenomenon in which diverse and novel forms of behavior are sometimes observed during the extinction process.

Question 4

Response Differentiation

Answer 4

A behavior change produced by differential reinforcement. Rein-forced members of the current response class occur with greater frequency, and unreinforced members occur less frequently (undergo extinction); the overall result is the emergence of a new response class.

Question 5

Shaping

Answer 5

Using differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing response classes; each response class is a successive approximation toward a terminal behavior. Members of an existing response class are selected for differential reinforcement because they more closely resemble the terminal behavior. (See differential reinforcement, response class, response differentiation, successive approximations.)

Question 6

Successive Approximations

Answer 6

Using differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing response classes; each response class is a successive approximation toward a terminal behavior. Members of an existing response class are selected for differential reinforcement because they more closely resemble the terminal behavior. (See differential reinforcement, response class, response differentiation, successive approximations.)