Chapter 22-1

Question 1

Organs of the Skeletal / Muscle System

Answer 1

Bones, Cartilage, Joints, Ligaments & Tendons

Question 2

Six (6) Functions of the Skeletal System

Answer 2

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Mineral homeostasis
5. Blood Cell production
6. Triglyceride storage

Question 3

Provide an explanation for each of the following skeletal system functions:

Answer 3

1. Support— Bones provide shape/structure and form to the body
2. Protection— Protects soft internal organs
3. Movement— Provide surface area for skeletal muscle attachment

d. Mineral homeostasis— Bones can store deposits of minerals

5. Blood Cell production— RBC, WBC and platelets are created from red bone marrow
6. Triglyceride storage— yellow bone marrow stores energy as triglycerides

Question 4

Distinguish between the axial versus appendicular skeleton.

List the bones associated with each division below:

Answer 4

Axial: Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone

Appendicular: Pectoral girdle, clavicle, scapula, ischium, ileum, upper extremities, lower extremities

Question 5

Name the five (5) major types of bones

Answer 5

1. Long Bones
2. Short Bones
3. Flat Bones
4. Irregular Bones
5. Sesamoid Bones

Question 6

Describe the five (5) major types of bones. Identify specific examples of each type of bone.

Answer 6

1. Long Bones:
   L.E = (Femur, Tibia, Fibula)
   U.E = (Humerus, Ulna, Radius)
2. Short Bones: Carpals & Tarsals
3. Flat Bones: Frontal, Cranial, Temporal, Parietal bones
4. Irregular Bones: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
5. Sesamoid Bones: Patella

Question 7

Name the bone cell types below (4)

Answer 7

1. Osteogenic cells
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts

Question 8

Describe the importance of the following bones cell types below:

1. Osteogenic cells
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts

Answer 8

1. Osteogenic cells— Stem cells responsible for making new Osteoblasts
2. Osteoblasts— Immature bone cell, create new bone matrix
3. Osteocytes— Mature bone cells, can no longer build bone matrix
4. Osteoclasts— break down and remove bone tissue

Question 9

What is the primary use of endochondral ossification?

Identify some examples of bones that are formed by endochondral ossification.

Answer 9

Endochondral Ossification: produce long bones (femur, humerus, )

Utilized during fetal development

Question 10

What is the primary use of intramembranous ossification?

Identify some examples of bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification.

Answer 10

Intra-membranous: Produces flat bones ( cranial, clavicle, scapula)

Used to repair fractures and damaged bone tissue

Question 11

Answer the following questions below regarding bone density in humans:

At what age is bone density at its highest in males and females?

Answer 11

20-55 years (Blast = Clast)

Question 12

Answer the following questions below regarding bone density in humans:

At what age does bone density begin to decline in females?

Answer 12

55-80 years (<Osteoclast)

Question 13

Answer the following questions below regarding bone density in humans:

Accounts for the rapid decline in bone density in females?

Answer 13

Estrogen inhibits Osteoblasts

Question 14

Answer the following questions below regarding bone density in humans:

What bone cell is most active during the ages of 0-20?

Answer 14

Osteoblasts activity

Question 15

Identify the type of connective tissue and whether a cavity is present between the bones that form each joint

Fibrous Joint

Answer 15

Type of connective tissue:
Dense irregular connective tissue

Cavity present: No

Examples:
Synarthroses = Cranial sutures, Gomphoses

Question 16

Identify the type of connective tissue and whether a cavity is present between the bones that form each joint

Cartilages Joint

Answer 16

Type of connective tissue:
Fibrocartilage

Cavity present: No

Examples:
Anthiathroses = Pubic symphysis, vertebra

Question 17

Identify the type of connective tissue and whether a cavity is present between the bones that form each joint

Synovial Joint

Answer 17

Type of connective tissue:
Articular Cartilage

Cavity present: Yes

Examples:
Diathroses: Shoulder, knee, hip

Question 18

Distinguish between a synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses.

Answer 18

Synathrtoses: immovable joints

Anthiarthroses: Slightly movable

Diathroses: Freely movable

Question 19

Planar Joint location

Answer 19

Intercarpal and Intersal joints (enable gliding)

Question 20

Hinge Joint location

Answer 20

Elbow & Knee joint

Question 21

Saddle joint location

Answer 21

Between trapezium and 1st metacarpal ( thumb movement)

Question 22

Pivot joint location

Answer 22

Elbow joint (pronation and supination)

Question 23

Condyloid joint location

Answer 23

Wrist joint: radius and scaphoid joint

Question 24

Ball / Socket joint location

Answer 24

The hip joint between the pelvic hip and shoulder joint (shoulder joint is greatest movement )