Chapter 19-1 Flashcards
Endocrine system + Hormones
Functions of Hormones (4)
- Regulate composition and volume of fluids
- Regulate metabolism and energy production
- Regulate rate and timing of growth & development
- Control physical and mental stress
Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:
The Brain (3)
- Pineal gland
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:
The Neck (2)
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid gland
Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:
The Thoracic Cavity
Heart
Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:
The Abdominal Cavity
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Small Intestine
Examples of endocrine system organs that are associated with each of the following
components of the body below:
The Pelvic Cavity
- Testis
- Ovaries
Distinguish between the following aspects of hormone physiology:
a. Secretory cells
b. Target cells
a. Secretory cells— synthesis, stores and releases hormones
b. Target cells— contains receptors for specific hotmomones
Regarding hormone classification: Secretory cells, Target cells and examples of:
Autocrine Hormone
Secretary Cells: Autocrine (same)
Target Cells: Autocrine (same)
Examples: Interlueken-1
Regarding hormone classification: Secretory cells, Target cells and examples of:
Paracrine Hormones
Secretary Cells: Paracrine Cell
Target Cells: Paracrine receptor
Examples: Gastrin
Regarding hormone classification: Secretory cells, Target cells and examples of:
Endocrine Hormones
Secretary Cells: Into blood stream
Target Cells:
Examples: Insulin
Regarding water soluble and lipid soluble hormones: Benefits / Costs
Water-soluble Hormones
Benefits: Easily transported through bloodstream w/o the need of a transport protein
Costs: Cannot cross cell membrane of target cell must bind to receptor on cell surface membrane requiring energy
Location of Hormone receptor: Cell membrane surface
Regarding water soluble and lipid soluble hormones: Benefits / Costs
Lipid-soluble Hormones
Benefits: Can easily bind / diffuse across cell membrane of target cell. No energy needed.
Costs: Insoluble in blood plasma must be attached to transport protein that makes them soluble
Location: in blood
Explain the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, regarding the secretion and storage of hormones
Anterior: synthesizes, stores, releases hormones
Posterior: stores and releases hormones
Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):
Human Growth Hormone
Target: skeletal muscle, bone , cartilage
Function: promotion of cell growth
Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):
Prolactin
Target: Mammary gland
Function: milk production, development of mammary glands
Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Target: Thyroid glands
Function: stimulates release of T3 and T4
Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Target: Adrenal glands
Function: stimulates release of Cortisol
Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Target: Ovaries/Testes
Function: promotes ovulation/ testosterone
Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and( brief function):
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target: Ovaries/Testes
Function: promotes egg development and ovulation / sperm development)
Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Oxytocin
Target: Uterus, Mammary glands
Function: contraction of uterus / secretion of milk
Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Antidiuretic hormone
Target: Kidneys, sweat glands
Function: decrease urine output / prevent sweating = increase BP
Explain the differences between gigantism and acromegaly. Which hormone is affected with these conditions?
Both are a Pituitary glands disorder
Gigantism: incredibly tall = too much secretion of human growth hormone during childhood through adolescents
Acromegaly: distinctive facial features = too much human growth hormone after adulthood
Difference = the amount of human growth hormone released either when the growth plates are still open ( Gigantism) or after they close ( Acromegaly)
Explain the condition known as diabetes insipidus. Which hormone is affected with this condition?
Pituitary Gland Disorder: insufficient ADH secretion
Diabetes Insipidus: not secreting enough anti-diuretic hormone from posterior pituitary into bloodstream
body relieves water levels instead of retaining fluid
ADRENAL GLANDS: “suprarenal glands” components
Adrenal Cortex: outer segment of adrenal gland that produces 3 hormones
Adrenal Medulla: deeper region of adrenal glands produces 2 hormones
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal cortex, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Aldosterone
Target: Kidneys
Function: regulates Na, K, and H to increase BP/ increase pH
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal cortex, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Cortisol
Target: Liver, Adipose tissue, Lymphatic
Function: increase blood sugar and suppress the immune system
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal cortex, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Weak androgens
Target: female reproductive system
Function: increase libido in females
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal medulla, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Epinephrine
Target: Heart, skeletal muscles and air passageways
Function: fight or flight)
effects heart more
For each of the following hormones released from the adrenal medulla, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Norepinephrine
Target: Heart, skeletal muscles and air passageways
Function: fight or flight
effects blood vessels more
Explain the primary functional differences between pancreatic acini and pancreatic islets.
Which structure is more abundant inside the pancreas?
Pancreatic Acini: secretes digestive enzymes / substances into the small intestine (no endocrine function)
Pancreatic Islets: secrets hormones into the blood stream to regulates blood sugar levels
Acini (98%) > islets (2%)
For each of the following hormones released from pancreatic islets, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Insulin
Target: Skeletal muscle, Liver
Function: increase absorption of glucose = lower blood sugar
For each of the following hormones released from pancreatic islets, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Glucagon
Target: Skeletal muscle, Liver
Function: increase secretion of glucose = elevate blood sugar)
For each of the following hormones released from pancreatic islets, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Somatostatin
Target: Alpha & Beta cells
Function: Turn off insulin/ glucogen secretion)
For each of the following hormones released from pancreatic islets, identify the target organ/tissue and brief function:
Pancreatic polypeptide
Target: ?
Function: ?
Describe the differences between type I diabetes and type II diabetes.
a. Diabetes Mellitus
b. Type I
c. Type II
a. Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin disorder = lack of ability to regulate glucose levels in blood sugar
b. Type I: Insulin deficient diabetes = autoimmune disorder, body attacks pancreatic beta cells thus individual cannot secrete insulin from beta cells
c. Type II: Insulin resistant diabetes = most common, cells do not normally respond to insulin .. do not absorb glucose to lower blood sugar levels
