Chapter 21 Urinary System

Question 1

Flow of Fluid Through Cortical Nephron

Answer 1

Bowman’s Capsule, Glomerulus, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Descending Loop of Henle, Ascending Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Collecting Duct

Question 2

Urinary Organs

Answer 2

2 Kidneys, 2 Ureters, 1 Urinary Bladder, 1 Urethra.

Question 3

Nephrons

Answer 3

responsible for filtration of the blood; makes sure beneficial products are reabsorbed into the blood, while the wastes becomes urine.

Question 4

Filtration

Answer 4

the separation between low molecular weight products from high molecular weight products and not beneficial product from waste.

Question 5

Sphincter Urethrae

Answer 5

guards urethra, composed of smooth muscle

relaxes= desire to urinate

Question 6

Sphincter Viscerae

Answer 6

guards urethra, composed of skeletal muscle

Question 7

Specific Gravity of Urine

Answer 7

1.002 to 1.030

Question 8

Diabetes Insipidis

Answer 8

individual may be dehydrated causing the specific gravity to be too low.

Question 9

Hyperglycemia

Answer 9

significant glucose in the urine indicates that there was too much to begin with in the blood and not all of it was reabsorbed.

Question 10

Glucosuria

Answer 10

the presence of glucose in the urine

Question 11

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 11

can cause the presence of glucose in the urine.

Question 12

Proteinuria

Answer 12

the appearance of protein in the urine since there is not mechanism to reabsorb them. Prolonged cold baths, large amounts of dietary protein, and overexertion can cause this.

Question 13

Ketone Bodies

Answer 13

appear in urine when there is inadequate carbohydrates in the blood, and the body is forced to metabolize fats for energy.

Question 14

Cast

Answer 14

epithelial cells aggregated together to form a cylindrical cast.

Question 15

Urinanalysis

Answer 15

if there is glucose in the blood, you might also find bacteria, leukocytes to fend off infection and ketones because diabetics usually have glucose utilization issues and break fat down for energy when glucose levels aren’t being monitored. Also if glucose is present it is likely bacteria will also be present, but if bacteria is present it doesn’t necessarily mean glucose will be present.
Positive for nitrites then there is definitely bacteria present but if there are bacteria present they may not be nitrite producing species.

Question 16

Urine Color

Answer 16

milky white= bacteria/pus
orange/red= cirrhosis of liver or jaundice
green/brown= excessive bile pigments
brown/grey/pink= presence of blood

Question 17

Urine Turbidity

Answer 17

cloudiness may result from mucin secreted from urinary tract, which is normal in small amounts but abnormal if too turbid. Also caused by bacteria, phosphates, pus, urates, fats and excessive epithelial cells.

Question 18

Urine pH

Answer 18

fresh urine ranges from 4.8-7.5
after 24 hours becomes more alkaline due to breakdown of acids by bacteria.
Urinary retention, chronic cystitis cause high pH
Acidosis, fever, and high protein diet cause low pH.

Question 19

Urine Sediment

Answer 19

in small quantities epithelial cells, WBCs, sperm, RBCs, bacteria and casts are normal.