Chapter 21

Question 1

What are social determinants of health?

Answer 1

Environmental conditions that affect health outcomes.

Question 2

What does the term community health refer to?

Answer 2

The health status of a defined group of people.
Community being a country’s or state’s population. For eye care, it means identifying and treating vision problems of a population.

Question 3

What percentage of blind and visually impaired people live in low and middle income countries with reduced access to eye care

Answer 3

90%
314 million people are visually impaired, 45 million are blind. 80% of global visual impairment is preventable or treatable.

Question 4

What is the leading cause of blindness in non-Hispanic white individuals?

Answer 4

AMD 54.4%
Cataract 8.7%
Glaucoma 6.4%
Diabetic retinopathy 5.4%

Question 5

What is the leading cause of blindness in black individuals?

Answer 5

Cataract 36.8%
Glaucoma 26%
Diabetic retinopathy 5.4%

Question 6

What is the leading cause of blindness in Hispanic individuals?

Answer 6

AMD

Question 7

According to the WHO’s classification of visual impairment, what is the minimum definition of blindness (Category 4) in terms of presenting distance acuity?

Answer 7

Worse than 3/60, 1/20, 20/400.
Blindness is defined as better than Category 4 which is equal to or better than light perception.

Question 8

Globally, what source of vision impairment causes the highest number of preventable or yet to be addressed cases?

Answer 8

Undressed refractive error.
Cataracts make up 51% but are included in undiagnosed refractive error?