Chapter 21

Question 1

What stain(s) is used for fungal infections?

Answer 1

PAS, mucicarmine, Grocott-Gomori

Question 2

What stain(s) is used for lipid?

Answer 2

Oil red O
Sudan black

Question 3

What stain(s) is used for copper?

Answer 3

Rhodadine
Rubeanic acid

Question 4

What stain(s) is used for acid fast bacilli?

Answer 4

ZN

Question 5

What stain(s) is used for amyloid?

Answer 5

Congo red

Question 6

What stain(s) is used for melanin?

Answer 6

Masson-Fontana

Question 7

What stain(s) is used for MCT

Answer 7

Toluidine blue

Question 8

What stain(s) is used for iron?

Answer 8

Prussian blue

Question 9

What stain(s) is used for myelin?

Answer 9

Luxol fast blue

Question 10

What immunocytochemical stain is used for epithelial cells?

Answer 10

Cytokeratin

Question 11

What immunocytochemical stain is used for mesenchymal and lymphoid cells?

Answer 11

Vimentin

Question 12

What immunocytochemical stain is used for T-lymphoid cells?

Answer 12

CD3

Question 13

What immunocytochemical stains are used for B-lymphoid cells?

Answer 13

CD79a, CD20

Question 14

What immunocytochemical stain is used for lymphoid/histiocytic cells?

Answer 14

CD18

Question 15

What immunocytochemical stain is used for melanocytes?

Answer 15

Melan A

Question 16

What immunocytochemical stain is used for smooth/skeletal muscle?

Answer 16

Desmin

Question 17

What immunocytochemical stain is used for skeletal/cardiac muscle?

Answer 17

Myoglobin

Question 18

What immunocytochemical stains are used for neuroendocrine cells?

Answer 18

Chromogranin or synaptophysin

Question 19

What tumour types have been associated with seeding following FNAB?

Answer 19

TCC (dogs), pulmonary adenocarcinoma (d+c)

Question 20

What is an example of non-degenerate neutrophils associated with septic inflammation?

Answer 20

Septic arthritis

Question 21

What types of neutrophilic degeneration are recognised cytologically?

Answer 21

Karyolysis (nuclear swelling)
Pyknosis (condensation of nucleus - round)
Karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)

Question 22

How does mycobacteria appear on standard staining?

Answer 22

Numerous, fine negatively staining rods in macrophage

Question 23

What are the common G+ve and G-ve bacteria?

Answer 23

+ve - staph, strep, clostridium
-ve - E.coli, Salmonella, pseudomonas, proteus

Question 24

How can nocardia and actinomyces be differentiated?

Answer 24

Modified ZN staining
Nocardia acid-fast, actinomyces non-acid-fast

Question 25

How can haemorrhage be distinguished from blood contamination on cytology?

Answer 25

Platelets only present in contamination Erythrophagia present in haemorrhage

Question 26

What are the cytological criteria of malignancy (tissue architecture)?

Answer 26

Increased cell crowding Loss of cohesion Pleomorphism Cytomegaly

Question 27

What are the cytological criteria of malignancy (nuclear)?

Answer 27

Nuclear moulding Anisokaryosis High N:C Multinucleation Karyomegaly Increased/abnormal mitotic figures Irregular nuclear membrane Coarse/variable chromatin Abnormal nucleoli

Question 28

What are the cytological criteria of malignancy (cytoplasmic)?

Answer 28

Increased basophilia Abnormal vacuolation