Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BS450 > Chapter 20: Language > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Language Flashcards

1
Q

Language is universal in () (no mute tribe has ever been found)

A

human society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The universality of language suggests that the human brain has evolved special ().

A

language-processing systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

before the rise of brain imaging techniques, most knowledge on brain mechanisms of language was obtained from ()

A

brain-damage patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Language

A system for representing and communicating
(1); uses words combined according to (2)

A
  1. information
  2. grammatical rules (Chomsky: universal grammar)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An audible form of communication built on the sounds
humans produce

A

speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

features of human language

A
  1. discreteness
  2. productivity
  3. grammar
  4. displacement
  5. modality independent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(): Linguistic representations can be broken down into small discrete units (e.g., sentences are built up of discrete words).

A

Discreteness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(): we are able to produce an infinite number of ideas using a limited set of words.

A

productivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Grammar: Languages employ (1) categories, such as noun and verb, present and past, which may be used to express exceedingly complex meanings; (): a clause can contain another clause (as in “[I see [the dog is running]]”)

A
  1. grammatical and semantic
  2. recursivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(): humans can talk about things that are not physically present or that do not even exist.

A

Displacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Modality independent: ()

A

spoken language, writing, braille

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a set of features that characterize human language and set it apart from animal communication

A

Hockett’s design features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hockett’s Design Features

(): while humans are born with innate language capabilities, language is more learned after birth through a social setting.

A

Traditional (cultural) transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

explain the idea that speech comes naturally to humans

A

a child picks up spoken language from his environment even without formal training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Human Language:

  • Complex, flexible, powerful (1) for communication
  • Creative use of words according to (2)
A
  1. system
  2. rules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Speech and language disorders run in (1), more likely to co-occur in (2)

A
  1. families
  2. identical twins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

inability to produce clear speech

A

verbal dyspraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Study of KE family (verbal dyspraxia)

  • found that affected famly members had (1) mutation
  • affected development of structures like: (2)
  • also had deficits in (3)
A
  1. FOXP2 (transcription factor) single mutation
  2. motor cortex, cerebellum, striatum
  3. grammatical skills and muscular control of lower face
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

() strongly expressed in brain areas involved in song learning in birds; A small and relatively recent mutation in the gene may have set humans on a path toward developing language that was needed for higher cognitive function and the development of human culture

A

FOXP2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Developmental delay in mastery of language,
especially verbs; not associated with hearing difficulty or more general developmental delays

A

specific language impairment (SLI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

aside from FOXP2, mutations in () are also thought to be involved in SLI

A

CNTNAP2, KIAA0319

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

() codes a neurexin protein; plays an important role in brain development

neurexin - proteins on presynaptic terminals; serve to hold presynaptic and postsynaptic elements together

A

CNTNAP2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

() is thought to be critical for neuronal migration during neocortical development as well as for normal function of adult neurons

A

KIAA0319

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

() - trouble with reading despite normal intelligence; appears to have strong genetic link; 5-10% of population; 40-50% comorbidity with SLI

A

Dyslexia

25
Q

Partial/complete loss of language abilities following
brain damage; often without the loss of cognitive faculties or ability to move speech muscles

A

aphasia

26
Q

Greek/Roman Empires: () thought to control speech

A

tongue

27
Q

(): region of dominant left frontal lobe, articulate speech

A

Broca’s area

28
Q

(): superior surface of temporal lobe between auditory cortex and angular gyrus, lesions disrupt normal speech; proposed a language processing map

A

Wernicke’s area

29
Q

Used to determine hemisphere dominant for speech; anesthetizing only 1 hemisphere

A

Wada procedure

anesthesia to left hemisphere (not right) always led to speech impairment

30
Q

Distinct types of aphasia suggest language is processed in ()

A

several stages at different brain areas

31
Q

(): Damage in motor association cortex of frontal lobe; comprehension generally good, but trouble in understanding complex sentences

A

Broca’s Aphasia

32
Q

inability to find words (need to pause to find right word)

A

anomia

33
Q

explanation of Broca’s aphasia symtoms

Wernicke: Broca’s area contains (); makes sense considering Broca’s area is near the part of the motor cortex controlling the mouth and lips.

A

memories for the fine series of motor commands required for articulating word sounds

34
Q

describe
“telegraphic style” of speech

A

mostly content words, no function words -> only nounds and verbs

35
Q

explanation of Broca’s aphasia symtoms

Alternative: Broca’s area may be specifically involved in making (); makes sense considering the difference in the aphasic’s ability to use content words and function words

A

grammatical sentences out of words

36
Q

(): Posterior temporal lobe damage; fluent speech but poor comprehension

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

37
Q

explanation of Wernicke’s aphasia symptoms

Wernicke’s area is located near A1; may () -> in Wernicke’s aphasia, speech production system may operate without control over content

A

relate incoming sounds to their meaning (storing memories of sounds that make up words).

38
Q

components of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model

model for language processing in the brain; offers simple explanations for key elements of Broca’s nd Wernicke’s aphasias

A
  1. Broca’s Area
  2. Wernicke’s Area
  3. arcuate fasciculus
  4. angular gyrus
39
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind Model

W -> B connection

A

arcuate fasciculus

40
Q

Wernicke-Geschwind Model

visual to auditory transformation

A

angular gyrus

41
Q
  • Numerous more elaborate language models have been proposed
  • Current models of language processing emphasize multiple
    streams of processing
A

parallel language pathways

42
Q

(): Disconnection lesion of arcuate fasciculus and parietal cortex; difficulty repeating words but comprehesion and speech are good

A

conduction aphasia

43
Q

inequal effects of aphasia in bilinguals (varying fluency in L1 vs L2) implies:

A

L2 uses different, although overlapping neuron populations used by L1

44
Q

in split brain studies, behavior (1) but animals acted as if (2)

A
  1. largely unchanged
  2. had 2 brains
45
Q

effects of aphasia in deaf ppl/ppl who can use sign language imply:

A

some universality to language processing in the brain

46
Q

because it didn’t seem to be important, surgeons felt they were justified in cutting the corpus callosum as a last resort in treating ()

A

epilepsy

47
Q

Gazzaniga’s exp: Brief stimuli delivered only to ()

A

one hemisphere.

48
Q

if the left hemisphere is dominant for language, the right hemisphere is better at ()

A

spatial perception and emotional content of speech

49
Q

Bradshaw & Nettleton (1981)

– (1) hemisphere: sequential, analytic, and time
dependent.
– (2) hemisphere: synthetic and holistic.

A
  1. Left
  2. Right
50
Q

left vs right hemispheres

Instead of breakdown by type of task (verbal vs. spatial), may be better categorized as () (LH: analytic skills, with language just an example; RH: synthetic processing, so better at visuospatial tasks).

A

different ways of dealing with the information

51
Q

most significant example of anatomical asymmetry between the 2 hemispheres; (part of Wernicke’s area) larger than right in 65% cases (the opposite cases: 10%)

found in human fetus and apes

A

planum temporale

52
Q

(): the best predictor for language-dominant hemisphere

A

Insula

53
Q

recent techniques for language studies (neurosci)

A

study language function in living humans with electrical brain stimulation and PET scans

54
Q

Three main effects of brain stimulation on language

A

Vocalizations, speech arrest, speech difficulties
similar to aphasia

55
Q

brain stimulation in (): immediate speech
arrest (occasionally vocalization)

A

motor cortex

56
Q

brain stimulation in (): speech arrest from strong stimulation, speech hesitation from weak stimulation

A

Broca’s area

57
Q

brain stimulation in (): word confusion and speech arrest

A

posterior parietal lobe near Sylvian fissure and in temporal lobe (vicinity of Wernicke’s area and arcuate fasciculus)

58
Q

in brain stimulation language studies, areas affecting speech roughly correspond to ()

A

aphasia-related areas

59
Q

Ojemann studies found that ()

A

stimulation effects can sometimes be quite specific

stimulation of different small cortical areas affect different aspects of language: naming, reading, repeating facial movements

BS450 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions