Chapter 18: Brain Mechanisms of Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

() studies the neural basis of emotion and mood

A

Affective neuroscience

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2
Q

Earlier ideas about a single emotional system or multiple systems have been replaced by theories in which emotions are based on ()

A

distributed networks of brain activity

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3
Q

central assumptions of neoclassical economics:

  1. people have () among outcomes that can be identified and associated with a value
  2. individuals maximize (a) and firms maximize (b)
  3. people act independently on the basis of ()
A
  1. rational preferences
  2. (a) utility; (b) profit
  3. full and relevant information
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4
Q

An emotion is a “complex reaction pattern, involving (1) elements, by which the individual attempts to deal with a personally significant matter of event.” It arises without (2) and is either positive or negative in its (3).

A
  1. experiential, behavioral, and physiological
  2. conscious effort
  3. valence
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5
Q

() : subjective feelings.
- brain mechanisms obtained from human studies

A

Emotional experience

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6
Q

() : behavioral and physiological responses.
- brain mechanisms obtained mostly from animal studies

A

Emotional expression

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7
Q

Emotional behavior, such as fear of height or snakes, can be highly () for an animal -> trait arises because it increased chances of survival

A

adaptive

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8
Q

() theory: emotion experienced in response to physiological changes in body

A

James–Lange

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9
Q

() theory: emotions occur independent of emotional expression—no correlation with physiological state

A

Cannon–Bard

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10
Q

() suggests that emotional experience is not a prerequisite for emotional expression.

A

Unconscious emotion

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11
Q

Areas of brain forming a ring around corpus callosum: cingulate gyrus, medial surface temporal lobe, hippocampus; proposed function -> olfaction

A

(Broca’s) Limbic Lobe

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12
Q

emotional system containing limbic structures, including cortex, involved in emotion;

A

Papez Circuit

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13
Q

the Papez circuit is an emotional system lying on the medial wall of the brain that connects () -> bidirectional communication

A

cortex and hypothalamus

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14
Q

accdg to Paul MacLean: Evolution of () allows animals to experience and express emotions beyond stereotyped brain stem behaviors.

A

limbic system

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15
Q

concept of “1 mind, 3 brains” -> primal, emotional, and rational mental activities are the product of neural activity in multiple (separate) regions; collective energy creates human experience

A

triune brain

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16
Q

hypothesis that basic emotions have distinct representations or circuits in brain -> analogous to distinct representations for sensory experiences

A

basic emotion theories

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17
Q

(basic emotion theories) according to fMRI results, the:
1. amygdala is more activated (more associated) with ()
2. () activity is more associated with sadness

A
  1. fear
  2. Medial prefrontal cortex
18
Q

() suggest that a common and interconnected neurophysiological system is responsible for all affective states.

A

Dimensional models of emotion (dimensional theories of emotion)

19
Q

basic idea of dimensional emotion theories

A

emotions (including basic emotions) can be broken down into smaller fundamental elements

20
Q

Most dimensional models incorporate (1) (pleasant- unpleasant) and (2) (weak emotion- strong emotion) dimensions.

A
  1. valence
  2. arousal or intensity
21
Q

key difference between dimensional and psychological constructionist theories of emotion

A

dimensions do not carry affective weight -> emotional state is constructed from physiological processes that, on their own, do not concern only emotion

22
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome is caused by (1) in monkeys, (2) in humans (mostly)

A
  1. bilateral removal of temporal lobes -> temporal lobectomy
  2. amygdala lesions
23
Q

notable symptoms of Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

A
  • absence or significant decrease of emotional response (fear, rage and aggression)
  • visual agnosia: poor visual recognition
  • heightened attention to sensory stimuli
24
Q

both the () of fear and aggression were severely decreased by the temporal lobectomy

A

normal experience and expression

25
elaborate how amygdala lesions cause visual agnosia in humans
inability to recognize fear in other people's facial expressions | however, patients can still recognize fear in voices
26
electrical stimulation of the amygdala causes (1) in humans, (2) in cats
1. fear and anxiety 2. fear and violent aggression
26
information from all the sensory systems feeds into the () of the amygdala -> integration of info from different sensory modalities
basolateral nuclei
26
Memories associated with fear can form quickly and long- lasting ()
learned fear
26
() in the amygdala seem to be involved in forming memories for emotional events
synaptic changes
26
Amygdala () eliminate expression of learned fear
lesions
26
We can infer that an animal is angry only by the ()
aggressive behaviors it exhibits
27
In animals, () are correlated with aggressive behavior
seasonal androgen levels
28
- against different species for food - few vocalizations; attack head or neck - no symathetic activity - lateral HT active
predatory aggression (threat attack)
29
- for show, not to kill for food - high sympathetic activity - make vocalizations, threatening posture - medial HT active
affective aggression (silent-biting attack)
30
The amygdala is important for the aggression normally involved in maintaining a ()
position in the social hierarchy
31
brain surgery as a method of treating psychiatric disorders
psychosurgery | last resort of treatment (usual: medication)
32
demonstration of all the behavioral manifestations of rage but in a situation that would normally not cause anger
sham rage
33
uncontrolled outburst of anger sometimes reported in athletes taking anabolic steroids
roid rage
34
removal of () but not HT caused sham rage
cerebral hemispheres
35
in sham rage experiments, behavior was reversed with additional lesions in posterior HT -> HT may normally be inhibited by ()
telencephalon
36
Two hypothalamic pathways to brain stem involving autonomic function
1. medial forebrain bundle -> VTA -> predatory 2. dorsal longitudinal fasciculus -> PAG -> affective