Chapter 18: Brain Mechanisms of Emotion Flashcards
() studies the neural basis of emotion and mood
Affective neuroscience
Earlier ideas about a single emotional system or multiple systems have been replaced by theories in which emotions are based on ()
distributed networks of brain activity
central assumptions of neoclassical economics:
- people have () among outcomes that can be identified and associated with a value
- individuals maximize (a) and firms maximize (b)
- people act independently on the basis of ()
- rational preferences
- (a) utility; (b) profit
- full and relevant information
An emotion is a “complex reaction pattern, involving (1) elements, by which the individual attempts to deal with a personally significant matter of event.” It arises without (2) and is either positive or negative in its (3).
- experiential, behavioral, and physiological
- conscious effort
- valence
() : subjective feelings.
- brain mechanisms obtained from human studies
Emotional experience
() : behavioral and physiological responses.
- brain mechanisms obtained mostly from animal studies
Emotional expression
Emotional behavior, such as fear of height or snakes, can be highly () for an animal -> trait arises because it increased chances of survival
adaptive
() theory: emotion experienced in response to physiological changes in body
James–Lange
() theory: emotions occur independent of emotional expression—no correlation with physiological state
Cannon–Bard
() suggests that emotional experience is not a prerequisite for emotional expression.
Unconscious emotion
Areas of brain forming a ring around corpus callosum: cingulate gyrus, medial surface temporal lobe, hippocampus; proposed function -> olfaction
(Broca’s) Limbic Lobe
emotional system containing limbic structures, including cortex, involved in emotion;
Papez Circuit
the Papez circuit is an emotional system lying on the medial wall of the brain that connects () -> bidirectional communication
cortex and hypothalamus
accdg to Paul MacLean: Evolution of () allows animals to experience and express emotions beyond stereotyped brain stem behaviors.
limbic system
concept of “1 mind, 3 brains” -> primal, emotional, and rational mental activities are the product of neural activity in multiple (separate) regions; collective energy creates human experience
triune brain
hypothesis that basic emotions have distinct representations or circuits in brain -> analogous to distinct representations for sensory experiences
basic emotion theories
(basic emotion theories) according to fMRI results, the:
1. amygdala is more activated (more associated) with ()
2. () activity is more associated with sadness
- fear
- Medial prefrontal cortex
() suggest that a common and interconnected neurophysiological system is responsible for all affective states.
Dimensional models of emotion (dimensional theories of emotion)
basic idea of dimensional emotion theories
emotions (including basic emotions) can be broken down into smaller fundamental elements
Most dimensional models incorporate (1) (pleasant- unpleasant) and (2) (weak emotion- strong emotion) dimensions.
- valence
- arousal or intensity
key difference between dimensional and psychological constructionist theories of emotion
dimensions do not carry affective weight -> emotional state is constructed from physiological processes that, on their own, do not concern only emotion
Klüver-Bucy Syndrome is caused by (1) in monkeys, (2) in humans (mostly)
- bilateral removal of temporal lobes -> temporal lobectomy
- amygdala lesions
notable symptoms of Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
- absence or significant decrease of emotional response (fear, rage and aggression)
- visual agnosia: poor visual recognition
- heightened attention to sensory stimuli
both the () of fear and aggression were severely decreased by the temporal lobectomy
normal experience and expression
elaborate how amygdala lesions cause visual agnosia in humans
inability to recognize fear in other people’s facial expressions
however, patients can still recognize fear in voices
electrical stimulation of the amygdala causes (1) in humans, (2) in cats
- fear and anxiety
- fear and violent aggression
information from all the sensory systems feeds into the () of the amygdala -> integration of info from different sensory modalities
basolateral nuclei
Memories associated with fear can form quickly and long- lasting ()
learned fear
() in the amygdala seem to be involved in forming memories for emotional events
synaptic changes
Amygdala () eliminate expression of learned fear
lesions
We can infer that an animal is angry only by the ()
aggressive behaviors it exhibits
In animals, () are correlated with aggressive behavior
seasonal androgen levels
- against different species for food
- few vocalizations; attack head or neck
- no symathetic activity
- lateral HT active
predatory aggression (threat attack)
- for show, not to kill for food
- high sympathetic activity
- make vocalizations, threatening posture
- medial HT active
affective aggression (silent-biting attack)
The amygdala is important for the aggression normally involved in maintaining a ()
position in the social hierarchy
brain surgery as a method of treating psychiatric disorders
psychosurgery
last resort of treatment (usual: medication)
demonstration of all the behavioral manifestations of rage but in a situation that would normally not cause anger
sham rage
uncontrolled outburst of anger sometimes reported in athletes taking anabolic steroids
roid rage
removal of () but not HT caused sham rage
cerebral hemispheres
in sham rage experiments, behavior was reversed with additional lesions in posterior HT -> HT may normally be inhibited by ()
telencephalon
Two hypothalamic pathways to brain stem involving autonomic function
- medial forebrain bundle -> VTA -> predatory
- dorsal longitudinal fasciculus -> PAG -> affective
