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BS450 > Chapter 17: Sex and the Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Sex and the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

life- maintaining functions:
1. regulated by ()
2. conscious control by ()

A
  1. subcortical structures
  2. cerebral cortex
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2
Q

() -> the biological state of being male or female; physical characteristics at birth

A

sex

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3
Q

factors that determine a person’s sex

A

chromosomes, hormones, and body anatomy

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4
Q

() -> set of behaviors and attributes a culture associates with men and women; socially constructed

A

gender

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5
Q

() diseases occur more often in men than women

A

X-linked

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6
Q

(): gene of Y chromosome; sex-determining region

A

SRY

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7
Q

SRY on the Y chromosome encodes for (1) -> causes development of (2)

A
  1. testis-determining factor
  2. testes and testicular hormones (male development)
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8
Q

extra X chromosome in a male (e.. XXY); no or mild symptoms, but patients have low testosterone

A

Klinefelter syndrome

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8
Q

partial or complete absence of 1 X chromosome (XO genotype)

A

Turner syndrome

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9
Q

first 6 weeks of pregnancy -> sexually undifferentiated:

  1. () becomes the oviduct
  2. () becomes the vas deferens
A
  1. Müllerian duct
  2. Wolffian duct
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10
Q

SRY -> testosterone -> development of Wolffian duct due to expression of ()

A

Müllerian-inhibiting factor -> inhibits formation of Müllerian duct

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11
Q

condition of having both male and female reproductive organs

A

hermaphroditism

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12
Q

() regulate the development and function of the reproductive system and sexual behavior

A

sex hormones

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13
Q

() release sex hormones

A

endocrine glands (ovary and testis)

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14
Q

() regulates endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

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15
Q

male hormone (1): testosterone

female hormone (2): estradiol

A
  1. androgen
  2. estrogen
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16
Q

testosterone + () -> estradiol

A

aromatase

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17
Q

() hormones pass through cell membranes and bind to cytoplasmic receptors to regulate gene expression

A

steroid

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18
Q

describe levels of male testosterone throughout the day

A

fluctuate rapidly each day -> correlate with anger, conflict, etc

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19
Q

in females, ovaries secrete estradiol (estrogen) and ()

A

progesterone (progestin)

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20
Q

describe how female sex hormone level vary

A

fluctuate in a 28-day cycle

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21
Q

(1) -> released by the anterior pituitary; release is promoted by hypothalamic (2)

A
  1. gonadotropins (LH, FSH)
  2. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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22
Q

in males, (1) stimulates testosterone production, while (2) aids in sperm maturation

A
  1. luteinizing hormone (LH)
  2. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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23
Q

in females, () cause estrogen secretion

A

LH and FSH

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24
Q

phases of the menstrual cycle

A

follicular, luteal

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25
Q

seasonal variations in reproductive behavior in some animals are controlled by variations in () -> offspring are born during the best season for survival

A

light levels (light -> low melatonin -> high GnRH release)

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26
Q

how is melatonin related to GnRH release

A

melatonin inhibits GnRH release

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27
Q

oocytes are arrested during mitosis; small number completes mitosis during () -> mature into egg cell

A

luteal

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28
Q

sexual response cycle

A

arousal, plateau, orgasm, resolution

29
Q

arousal can occur via ()

A

erotic psychological, sensory stimuli, and/or tactile stimulation of genitals

30
Q

() integrates cerebral activity (erotic thoughts) with sensory info from genitals -> generates output mediating sexual responses of genitals

A

spinal cord

31
Q

the ff neurotransmitters cause relaxation of smooth muscle cells in genitalia -> engorgement of genitalia (clitoris, labia, penis) and secretion of lubricating fluids

A

ACh, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), nitric oxide (NO)

32
Q

viagra enhances the effect of ()

A

NO

33
Q

() is needed to complete the sexual response cycle -> triggered by sensory neuron activity and neural input

A

sympathetic activity -> muscle contraction

34
Q

() - male mates with many females -> common among mammals

A

polygyny

35
Q

() - female mates with many males -> very rare among vertebrates

A

polyandry

36
Q

() - male and female mate exclusively (3% mammals, 12 % primates, 90% birds)

A

monogamy

37
Q

(): model for studying reproductive behavior because closely related species show very different mating strategies

A

voles

38
Q

() voles -> social and monogamous; both parents cooperate for long-term care of young

A

prairie

39
Q

() voles -> asocial and promiscuous; only females care for offspring briefly

A

montane

40
Q

2 neurohormones released by posterior pituitary

A
  1. oxytocin
  2. vasopressin (ADH)
41
Q

neurohormone released by post. pituitary; released during lactation, social boding (“love hormone”), promotes uterine contraction

A

oxytocin

42
Q

role of oxytocin and ADH in parenting behaviors of (prairie) voles

A
  1. ADH increases paternal behaviors in males
  2. oxytocin increases maternal behaviors in females
43
Q

human plasma oxytocin levels increase during ()

A

1, breastfeeding in mothers
2. sexual intercourse

44
Q

how does brain activation demonstrate strong reinforcing nature of partner and parental relationship

A

activated brain regions when interacting with child or partner are part of reward circuitry

45
Q

Male and female brains must be different -> ()

A

sexual dimorphism

46
Q

reasons why there must be sexual dimorphisms in human brains

A
  1. differing behaviors related to sexual reproduction
  2. sex-specific body parts need sex-specific neural systems
  3. somatosensory and motor maps must adjust to varying body size and shape
47
Q

examples of sexual dimorphisms of the human CNS

A
  1. Onuf’s nucleus
  2. INAH-1 to INAH-3 (interstitial nuclei of the anterior HT)
48
Q

motor neuron pool in the spinal cord controlling bulbocavernosus muscles surrounding the base of the penis (opening of vagina in women): more neurons in men

A

Onuf’s nucleus

49
Q

may be human analog of rat SDN

A

INAH-1

50
Q

in the preoptic area, study found that () was 2x larger in men than women

A

INAH-2

51
Q

(): the most distinct sexual dimorphisms in the mammalian brain (role in reproductive behavior)

A

Preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus

52
Q

Lesions in Preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus : disrupt (1) in females and reduce (2) in males

A
  1. estrous cycle
  2. copulation frequency
53
Q

() in rats -> obvious difference between male and female brains; bigger in males

A

sexually dimorphic nucleus

54
Q

possible evolutionary explanations for cognitive dimorphisms

A
  • Men: hunters: better at spatial navigation
  • Women: care for children at home: more social & verbal
55
Q

one major difficulty in assessing sexual dimorphisms is the fact that there are () between individuals than between sexes

A

larger differences (variances)

56
Q

possible role of hormonal differences in sexual dimorphisms

A
  • spatial reasoning in women is better with low estrogen
  • spatial reasoning in men improves with testosterone level
57
Q

2 kinds of effects of sex hormones

A
  1. organizational effects
  2. activational effects
58
Q

describe the organizational effects of sex hormones

A
  • permanent
  • arranging tissues (anatomy) during development
59
Q

describe the activational effects of sex hormones

A
  • temporary
  • drive changes in behavior
60
Q

because steroids can cross the cell membrane, they can effectively bind to (1) and induce ()

A
  1. receptors on the cytoplasm and nucleus
  2. induce changes in gene expression level
61
Q

() in fetal blood binds estrogens and protects female fetus from masculinization

A

α-Fetoprotein

62
Q

() involved in the synthesis of
prostaglandin

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX)

63
Q

defective androgen
receptor gene on X chromosome ()

A

androgen insensitivity

64
Q

() in genetic females: abnormally large adrenals overproduce androgens

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

65
Q

() :having both male and female tissues

A

Gynandromorph

66
Q

critical regulatory genes for sex differentiation in fruit flies

A

fru and dsx

67
Q
  • Male without (): courtship behavior weak or absent
  • Female made express (): show male courtship behavior
A

fru

68
Q

Long after sex hormones have determined the structure of the reproductive organs, they can have () on the brain

A

activational effects

69
Q

In males, interaction with offspring may alter brain structure.
(2)

A
  • increased density of dendritic spines
  • increased number of vasopressin receptors
70
Q

(): activates neurons; increases neurite outgrowth, cell viability, spine density, and synaptic plasticity

A

Estradiol

71
Q

possible therapeutical benefit of estrogen in humans

A

may protect against stroke
may help with multiple sclerosis

BS450 (11 decks)

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