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BS450 > Chapter 15: Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

() communication in sensory and motor systems need mechanisms that restrict synaptic transmission to synaptic cleft

A

point to point

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2
Q

describe the result of p2p connections in the nervous system

A
  • release minute amt of NTs
  • actions are brief and rapid responses
  • tightly constrained
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3
Q

3 components of the NS that operate in expanded space and time

A
  1. secretory hypothalamus
  2. autonomic nervous system
  3. diffuse modulatory systems
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4
Q

main function of the hypothalamus

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

3 functional zones of the hypothalamus

A
  1. lateral
  2. medial
  3. periventricular
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6
Q

lateral and medial zones of hypothalamus have extensive connections with ()

A

brain stem and telencephalon

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7
Q

a group of cells in the periventricular zone constitutes the (), which lies above the optic chiasm and are involved in synchronization of circadian rhythms

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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8
Q

how does the SCN regulate circadian rhythm

A

it receives direct retinal innervation and uses info from light dark cycle

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9
Q

other cells in the periventricular zone control the ANS and regulate outflow of ()

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the visceral organs

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10
Q

the cells in a third group in the periventricular zone called () extend axons towards the stalk of the pituitary gland to secrete hormones

A

neurosecretory neurons

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11
Q

the posterior pituitary is technically part of the brain because it contains axons of () -> neurons that release chemicals into capillaries of posterior lobe

A

magnocellular neurosecretory cells

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12
Q

substances released into the blood by neurons

A

neurohormones

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13
Q

examples of neurohormones

A

oxytocin, vasopressin (ADH)

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14
Q
  • “love hormone”
  • promote social bonding
  • stimulates lactation and uterine contraction
A

oxytocin

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15
Q

neurohormone that regulates blood volume and salt concentration

A

vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone)

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16
Q

pipeline of angiotensin II production

A

low BP/BV -> kidneys release renin -> renin is converted to angiotensin I -> angio I breaks down to angio II

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17
Q

angiotensin II is also detected by the (), a part of the telencephalon that lacks BBB

A

subfornical organ

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18
Q

cells from the subfornical organs also activate hypothalamus in response to angio II -> induces (1) and (2)

A
  1. thirst, drinking behavior
  2. ADH release
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19
Q

“master gland”: anterior pituitary
“true master gland”: ()

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

the anterior pituitary is under the control of () in the periventricular zone

A

parvocellular neurosecretory cells

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21
Q

parvocellular neurosecretory cells control the anterior pituitary by releasing (1) into (2) which then bind to specific receptors on anterior pituitary cells

A
  1. hypophysiotropic hormones
  2. hypo-thalamo-pituitary portal circulation
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22
Q

2 parts of the adrenal glands

A
  1. adrenal cortex
  2. adrenal medulla
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23
Q

the adrenal cortex produces () -> acts throughout the body to mobilize energy reserves and suppress immune system; stress hormone

A

cortisol

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24
Q

in response to detecting cortisol, parvocellular NCs release a peptide called (1), which travels to the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of (2)

A
  1. corticotropin-releasing hormone
  2. corticotropin (ACTH)
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25
how do blood cortisol levels self-regulate
cortisol reacts with specific receptors on the brain that lead to inhibition of CRH release
26
one feature of (Addison's/Cushing's) disease is adrenal insufficiency
Addison's
27
Cushing's disease is caused by () that results in elevated levels of ACTH and cortisol
pituitary gland dysfunction
28
explain an example of iatrogenic Cushing's disease
excessive use of prednisone (cortisol medication)
29
preganglionic NT of sympathetic NS + parasympathetic NS
ACh
30
postganglionic NT of sympathetic NS
NE
31
postganglionic NT of parasympathetic NS
ACh
32
ACh/NE from postganglionic parasympathetic stimulation are detected by () ACh/adrenergic receptors
muscarinic
33
frenetically mobilizes the body for a for a short-term emergency at the expense of processes that keep it healthy over the long term (4 Fs)
sympathetic NS
34
works calmly for the long-term good (non-F processes)
parasympathetic NS
35
the "little" brain and its 2 networks
enteric NS; myenteric ad submucosal plexuses
36
the enteric NS is connected to the brain via the ()
vagus nerve, ANS
37
- integrates sensory info from internal organs and coordinates output to autonomic brain stem nuclei - located in medulla and connected with the hypothalamus
nucleus of the solitary tract
38
ACh receptors that evoke a fast EPSP; found in NMJ and
nicotinic
39
metabotropic ACh receptors that lead to very slow EPSPs and IPSPs
muscarinic
40
examples of neuroactive peptides that are modulatory and serve to make postsynaptic neurons more sensitive to fast nicotinic effects
neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
41
postganglionic parasympathetic ACh has a very (widespread/localized) effect
localized
42
postganglionic sympathetic NE has a very (widespread/localized) effect
widespread
43
Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division emerge only from the () of the spinal cord
middle third (thoracic and lumbar segments)
44
behaviors related to active sympathetic system
4 Fs: fight, flight, fright, fuck (sex)
44
processes controlled by parasympathetic NS
Non-F: digestion, growth, immune responses, energy storage, etc.
45
activity of the () NS is required for the sexual reponse, esp in male
sympathetic
46
2 complicated networks of the Enteric NS
1. myenteric, Auerbach's: outside muscles 2. submucosal, Meissner's: inside muscles
47
# central control of the ANS: () in the HT sends axons to the brain stem and spinal cord nuclei that contain sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
periventricular zone
48
# central control of the ANS: () in the medulla is connected with the HT and autonomic brain stem nuclei; integrates sensory info from internal organs and coordinates output to autonomic brain stem nuclei
nucleus of the solitary tract
49
the 4 diffuse modulatory systems of the brain
1. ACh basal forebrain and brain stem complexes 2. NE locus coeruleus 3. 5-HT raphe nuclei 4. DA substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA)
50
common principles of the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain
1. small set of neurons at the core 2. neurons arise from brain stem 3. one neuron influences many others 4. synapses release NTs into extracellular fluid
51
Because of its widespread connections, the () can influence virtually all parts of the brain
locus coeruleus
52
the NE-ergic LC is activated in response to (1); least active during (2)
1. new, unexpected, nonpainful sensory stimuli 2. non-vigilant state
53
The locus coeruleus may participate in a () of the brain during interesting events in the outside world
general arousal, increase brain responsiveness
54
The general function of norepinephrine is to ()
mobilize the brain and body for action.
55
2 kinds of raphe nuclei projections
1. caudal (medulla) - innervates SC, modulates pain signals 2. rostral (pons and midbrain): innervates most of the brain
56
the 5-HT-ergic raphe nuclei and the NE-ergic system together comprise the ()
ascending reticular activating system
57
the ascending reticular activating system is particularly involved in ()
sleep-wake cycles, mood
58
serotonin release is most active during (1), least active during (2)
1. wakefulness (aroused and active) 2. sleep
59
# DA-ergic system - axons project to striatum - facilitates initiation of voluntary movements
substantia nigra
60
# DA-ergic system innervates circumscribed region of the telencephalon
ventral tegmental area
61
the DA-ergic system in the VTA is also known as (1); it is particularly involved in (2)
1. mesocorticolimbic dopamine system 2. reward and value processing
62
the VTA is implicated in psychiatric disorders such as ()
schizophrenia, ADHD, addiction
63
2 components of the cholinergic diffuse modulatory system
1. basal forebrain complex 2. pontomesencephalotegmental complex
64
ACh system responsible for most of the neocortical cholinergic innervation
basal forebrain complex
65
the basal forebrain complex includes (1) and (2)
1. medial septal nuclei -> HC 2. basal nucleus of Meynert -> neocortex
65
# ACh system the () complex acts mostly on the dorsal thalamus, but also projects to the telencephalon -> functions to regulate excitability of thalamic sensory relay nuclei
pontomesencephalotegmental complex
66
() drugs act on CNS and interfere with chemical synaptic transmission
psychoactive ("mind-altering" compounds)
67
most psychoactive drugs act on () systems
diffuse modulatory
68
e.g. of depressants
alcohol, barbiturates | slow down brain function
69
e.g. of stimulants
cocaine, methamphetamine | speed up brain function
70
e.g. of halucinogens
LSD, ketamine | alters perception of reality
71
e.g. of opiates
morphine, heroin | induce euphoria
72
LSD is a strong agonist of () receptors to inhibit the action of these nuclei
raphe nuclei serotonergic
73
cocaine and amphetamine affect the () systems -> sympathomimetic (mimic endogenous versions of the NTs)
DA and NE
74
common action of stimulants is to block ()
catecholamine reuptake
75
cocaine targets (1) reuptake amphetamine blocks (2) reuptake and stimulates (3) release
1. DA 2. NE and DA 3. DA
76
why are stimulants like cocaine and meth addicting
they short-circuit the systems normally reinforcing adaptive behaviors

BS450 (11 decks)

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