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bs450 > Chapter 15: Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

() communication in sensory and motor systems need mechanisms that restrict synaptic transmission to synaptic cleft

A

point to point

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2
Q

describe the result of p2p connections in the nervous system

A
  • release minute amt of NTs
  • actions are brief and rapid responses
  • tightly constrained
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3
Q

3 components of the NS that operate in expanded space and time

A
  1. secretory hypothalamus
  2. autonomic nervous system
  3. diffuse modulatory systems
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4
Q

main function of the hypothalamus

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

3 functional zones of the hypothalamus

A
  1. lateral
  2. medial
  3. periventricular
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6
Q

lateral and medial zones of hypothalamus have extensive connections with ()

A

brain stem and telencephalon

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7
Q

a group of cells in the periventricular zone constitutes the (), which lies above the optic chiasm and are involved in synchronization of circadian rhythms

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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8
Q

how does the SCN regulate circadian rhythm

A

it receives direct retinal innervation and uses info from light dark cycle

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9
Q

other cells in the periventricular zone control the ANS and regulate outflow of ()

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the visceral organs

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10
Q

the cells in a third group in the periventricular zone called () extend axons towards the stalk of the pituitary gland to secrete hormones

A

neurosecretory neurons

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11
Q

the posterior pituitary is technically part of the brain because it contains axons of () -> neurons that release chemicals into capillaries of posterior lobe

A

magnocellular neurosecretory cells

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12
Q

substances released into the blood by neurons

A

neurohormones

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13
Q

examples of neurohormones

A

oxytocin, vasopressin (ADH)

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14
Q
  • “love hormone”
  • promote social bonding
  • stimulates lactation and uterine contraction
A

oxytocin

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15
Q

neurohormone that regulates blood volume and salt concentration

A

vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone)

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16
Q

pipeline of angiotensin II production

A

low BP/BV -> kidneys release renin -> renin is converted to angiotensin I -> angio I breaks down to angio II

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17
Q

angiotensin II is also detected by the (), a part of the telencephalon that lacks BBB

A

subfornical organ

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18
Q

cells from the subfornical organs also activate hypothalamus in response to angio II -> induces (1) and (2)

A
  1. thirst, drinking behavior
  2. ADH release
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19
Q

“master gland”: anterior pituitary
“true master gland”: ()

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

the anterior pituitary is under the control of () in the periventricular zone

A

parvocellular neurosecretory cells

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21
Q

parvocellular neurosecretory cells control the anterior pituitary by releasing (1) into (2) which then bind to specific receptors on anterior pituitary cells

A
  1. hypophysiotropic hormones
  2. hypo-thalamo-pituitary portal circulation
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22
Q

2 parts of the adrenal glands

A
  1. adrenal cortex
  2. adrenal medulla
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23
Q

the adrenal cortex produces () -> acts throughout the body to mobilize energy reserves and suppress immune system; stress hormone

A

cortisol

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24
Q

in response to detecting cortisol, parvocellular NCs release a peptide called (1), which travels to the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of (2)

A
  1. corticotropin-releasing hormone
  2. corticotropin (ACTH)
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25
Q

how do blood cortisol levels self-regulate

A

cortisol reacts with specific receptors on the brain that lead to inhibition of CRH release

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26
Q

one feature of (Addison’s/Cushing’s) disease is adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s

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27
Q

Cushing’s disease is caused by () that results in elevated levels of ACTH and cortisol

A

pituitary gland dysfunction

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28
Q

explain an example of iatrogenic Cushing’s disease

A

excessive use of prednisone (cortisol medication)

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29
Q

preganglionic NT of sympathetic NS + parasympathetic NS

A

ACh

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30
Q

postganglionic NT of sympathetic NS

A

NE

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31
Q

postganglionic NT of parasympathetic NS

A

ACh

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32
Q

ACh/NE from postganglionic parasympathetic stimulation are detected by () ACh/adrenergic receptors

A

muscarinic

33
Q

frenetically mobilizes the body for a for a short-term emergency at the expense of processes that keep it healthy over the long term (4 Fs)

A

sympathetic NS

34
Q

works calmly for the long-term good (non-F processes)

A

parasympathetic NS

35
Q

the “little” brain and its 2 networks

A

enteric NS; myenteric ad submucosal plexuses

36
Q

the enteric NS is connected to the brain via the ()

A

vagus nerve, ANS

37
Q
  • integrates sensory info from internal organs and coordinates output to autonomic brain stem nuclei
  • located in medulla and connected with the hypothalamus
A

nucleus of the solitary tract

38
Q

ACh receptors that evoke a fast EPSP; found in NMJ and

A

nicotinic

39
Q

metabotropic ACh receptors that lead to very slow EPSPs and IPSPs

A

muscarinic

40
Q

examples of neuroactive peptides that are modulatory and serve to make postsynaptic neurons more sensitive to fast nicotinic effects

A

neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

41
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic ACh has a very (widespread/localized) effect

A

localized

42
Q

postganglionic sympathetic NE has a very (widespread/localized) effect

A

widespread

43
Q

Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic division emerge only from the () of the spinal cord

A

middle third (thoracic and lumbar segments)

44
Q

behaviors related to active sympathetic system

A

4 Fs: fight, flight, fright, fuck (sex)

44
Q

processes controlled by parasympathetic NS

A

Non-F: digestion, growth, immune
responses, energy storage, etc.

45
Q

activity of the () NS is required for the sexual reponse, esp in male

A

sympathetic

46
Q

2 complicated networks of the Enteric NS

A
  1. myenteric, Auerbach’s: outside muscles
  2. submucosal, Meissner’s: inside muscles
47
Q

central control of the ANS:

() in the HT sends axons to the brain stem and spinal cord nuclei that contain sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

periventricular zone

48
Q

central control of the ANS:

() in the medulla is connected with the HT and autonomic brain stem nuclei; integrates sensory info from internal organs and coordinates output to autonomic brain stem nuclei

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

49
Q

the 4 diffuse modulatory systems of the brain

A
  1. ACh basal forebrain and brain stem complexes
  2. NE locus coeruleus
  3. 5-HT raphe nuclei
  4. DA substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA)
50
Q

common principles of the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain

A
  1. small set of neurons at the core
  2. neurons arise from brain stem
  3. one neuron influences many others
  4. synapses release NTs into extracellular fluid
51
Q

Because of its widespread connections, the () can influence virtually all parts of the brain

A

locus coeruleus

52
Q

the NE-ergic LC is activated in response to (1); least active during (2)

A
  1. new, unexpected, nonpainful sensory stimuli
  2. non-vigilant state
53
Q

The locus coeruleus may participate in a () of the brain during interesting events in the outside world

A

general arousal, increase brain responsiveness

54
Q

The general function of norepinephrine is to ()

A

mobilize the brain and body for action.

55
Q

2 kinds of raphe nuclei

A
  1. caudal (medulla) - innervates SC, modulates pain signals
  2. rostral (pons and midbrain): innervates most of the brain
56
Q

the 5-HT-ergic raphe nuclei and the NE-ergic system together comprise the ()

A

ascending reticular activating system

57
Q

the ascending reticular activating system is particularly involved in ()

A

sleep-wake cycles, mood

58
Q

serotonin release is most active during (1), least active during (2)

A
  1. wakefulness (aroused and active)
  2. sleep
59
Q

DA-ergic system

  • axons project to striatum
  • facilitates initiation of voluntary movements
A

substantia nigra

60
Q

DA-ergic system

innervates circumscribed region of the telencephalon

A

ventral tegmental area

61
Q

the DA-ergic system in the VTA is also known as (1); it is particularly involved in (2)

A
  1. mesocorticolimbic dopamine system
  2. reward and value processing
62
Q

the VTA is implicated in psychiatric disorders such as ()

A

schizophrenia, ADHD, addiction

63
Q

2 components of the cholinergic diffuse modulatory system

A
  1. basal forebrain complex
  2. pontomesencephalotegmental complex
64
Q

ACh system responsible for most of the neocortical cholinergic innervation

A

basal forebrain complex

65
Q

the basal forebrain complex includes (1) and (2)

A
  1. medial septal nuclei -> HC
  2. basal nucleus of Meynert -> neocortex
65
Q

ACh system

the () complex acts mostly on the dorsal thalamus, but also projects to the telencephalon -> functions to regulate excitability of thalamic sensory relay nuclei

A

pontomesencephalotegmental complex

66
Q

() drugs act on CNS and interfere with chemical synaptic transmission

A

psychoactive (“mind-altering” compounds)

67
Q

most psychoactive drugs act on () systems

A

diffuse modulatory

68
Q

e.g. of depressants

A

alcohol, barbiturates

slow down brain function

69
Q

e.g. of stimulants

A

cocaine, methamphetamine

speed up brain function

70
Q

e.g. of halucinogens

A

LSD, ketamine

alters perception of reality

71
Q

e.g. of opiates

A

morphine, heroin

induce euphoria

72
Q

LSD is a strong agonist of () receptors to inhibit the action of these nuclei

A

raphe nuclei serotonergic

73
Q

cocaine and amphetamine affect the () systems -> sympathomimetic (mimic endogenous versions of the NTs)

A

DA and NE

74
Q

common action of stimulants is to block ()

A

catecholamine reuptake

75
Q

cocaine targets (1) reuptake
amphetamine blocks (2) reuptake and stimulates (3) release

A
  1. DA
  2. NE and DA
  3. DA
76
Q

why are stimulants like cocaine and meth addicting

A

they short-circuit the systems normally reinforcing adaptive behaviors

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