Chapter 16: Motivation

Question 1

Probability and direction of behavior vary with the () needed to perform
the behavior

Answer 1

driving force (i.e. motivation)

Question 2

process of maintaining the body’s internal environment within a narrow physiological range

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

plays a key role in regulating body temperature, fluid balance, and energy balance

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

three components of neuronal response

Answer 4

1. humoral response (hormones)
2. visceromotor response (ANS)
3. somatic motor response

Question 5

3 functional zones of the hypothalamus

Answer 5

1. lateral
2. medial
3. periventricular

Question 6

energy balance state wherein energy is stored as glycogen and triglycerides

Answer 6

prandial state (anabolism)

Question 7

types of energy storage in body

Answer 7

glycogen (liver and muscle, limited capacity)
triglycerides (adipose tissue, unlimited capacity)

Question 8

energy balance state where in complex macromolecules are broken down for energy

Answer 8

postabsorptive state (catabolism)

Question 9

Long-term regulation: Feeding is stimulated when hypothalamic neurons detect a ()

Answer 9

drop in the level of a hormone released by fat cells.

Question 10

the idea that the brain monitors and acts to maintain the amount of body fat

Answer 10

Lipostatic hypothesis

Question 11

hormone released by body fat; tells the brain that fat (energy) reserves are normal and sufficient

Answer 11

leptin

Question 12

actions of leptin that allow it to help regulate body mass

Answer 12

1. decreases appetite
2. increases enegy expenditure

Question 13

Incites adaptive responses to fight starvation (stimulates hunger and feeding, suppresses energy expenditure, and inhibits reproductive competence)

Answer 13

leptin depletion

Question 14

severely diminished appetite, caused by lesion in lateral hypothalamus -> lateral hypothalamic syndrome

Answer 14

anorexia

Question 15

overly active appetite, caused by lesion in ventromedial hypothalamus -> ventral hypothalamic syndrome

Answer 15

obesity

Question 16

() of hypothalamus important for the control of feeding

Answer 16

arcuate nucleus

Question 17

LH (1): stop feeding; LH (2): triggers feeding

Answer 17

1. lesions
2. stimulation

Question 18

LH neurons stimulating feeding behavior contain:

Answer 18

1. melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)
2. orexin

Question 19

compound in LH neuron that makes widespread connections in the brain; involved in prolonging meal consumption

Answer 19

MCH

Question 20

compound in LH neurons that promote meal initiation

Answer 20

orexin (hypocretin)

Question 21

3 phases of eating

Answer 21

1. cephalic
2. gastric
3. substrate (intestinal)

Question 22

() phase: the sight and smell of food trigger a number of physiological processes that anticipate the arrival of food (e.g., secretion of saliva and digestive juices)

Answer 22

Cephalic

Question 23

() phase: these responses grow much more intense, when you start chewing, swallowing, and filling your stomach with food.

Answer 23

Gastric

Question 24

() phase: as your stomach fills and digested food moves into your intestine, nutrients begin to be absorbed into your blood stream.

Answer 24

Substrate (intestinal)

Question 25

() released when stomach is empty (hunger is not merely the absence of satiety) -> Activates NPY/AgRP-containing (orexigenic) neurons in arcuate nucleus

Answer 25

Ghrelin

Question 26

Gastric distention signals brain via vagus nerve. Vagal axons activate neurons in the ().

Answer 26

nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 27

() released in intestines in response to certain foods (esp fatty foods); acts on vagal sensory axons.

Answer 27

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Question 28

insulin acts directly on the () of the hypothalamus (like leptin)

Answer 28

arcuate and ventromedial nuclei

Question 29

Trajectory of () projecting to the forebrain are effective sites for self stimulation

Answer 29

dopaminergic axons in the ventral-tegmental area

Question 30

the () neurotransmitter was found to play a powerful role in motivation -> inhibiting it caused a decrease in driving force to do something or satisfy a craving

Answer 30

dopamine

Question 31

new understanding of dopamine role in motivation -> Dopamine-depleted animals () food.

Answer 31

"like” food but do not “want” -> lack motivation to find food, but still enjoy it when it is available

Question 32

explain the idea that Dopamine neurons signal reward prediction error

Answer 32

changes in dopamine release occur when rewards are either better or worse than expected

Question 33

describe serotonin levels between and during meals

Answer 33

- low in postabsorptive (between meals) - rise in anticipation of food - spike during meal (esp in response to carbs)

Question 34

Drugs that elevate serotonin (activate/suppress) appetite

Answer 34

suppress

Question 35

disorders in serotonin regulation: anorexia, bulimia, are often accompanied by ()

Answer 35

depression (treatment may include drugs that increase serotonin)

Question 36

The transduction of physiological stimuli in the blood occurs in specialized regions of the hypothalamus 1. Humoral and visceromotor responses: by the () 2. Behavioral actions: by the ()

Answer 36

1. periventricular and medial hypothalamus 2. lateral hypothalamus

Question 37

thirst in reponse to hypovolemia

Answer 37

volumetric thirst

Question 38

responses to volumetric thirst humoral: (1) visceromotor: (2) somatic motor: (3)

Answer 38

1. ADH release 2. sympathetic activation 3. motivates drinking

Question 39

acts on kidneys to increase water retention; inhibits urine production

Answer 39

vasopressin (ADH)

Question 40

thirst in response to hypertonicity

Answer 40

osmometric

Question 41

responses to osmometric thirst

Answer 41

ADH release, motivation for drinking

Question 42

neurons for temperature homeostasis are clustered in ()

Answer 42

anterior hypothalamus

Question 43

humoral and visceromotor responses to change in temp -> activation of () in the hypothalamus

Answer 43

medial preoptic area

Question 44

somatic motor responses to changes in temp -> activation of () hypothalamus

Answer 44

lateral

Question 45

humoral response to fall in temp

Answer 45

stimulate release of TSH and consequently thyroxin (increase cell metab)

Question 46

visceromotor response to fall in temp

Answer 46

vasoconstriction in skin (retain heat)

Question 47

somatic motor response to fall in temp

Answer 47

shivering, seek warmth