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BS450 > Chapter 16: Motivation > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Probability and direction of behavior vary with the () needed to perform
the behavior

A

driving force (i.e. motivation)

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2
Q

process of maintaining the body’s internal environment within a narrow physiological range

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

plays a key role in regulating body temperature, fluid balance, and energy balance

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

three components of neuronal response

A
  1. humoral response (hormones)
  2. visceromotor response (ANS)
  3. somatic motor response
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5
Q

3 functional zones of the hypothalamus

A
  1. lateral
  2. medial
  3. periventricular
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6
Q

energy balance state wherein energy is stored as glycogen and triglycerides

A

prandial state (anabolism)

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7
Q

types of energy storage in body

A

glycogen (liver and muscle, limited capacity)
triglycerides (adipose tissue, unlimited capacity)

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8
Q

energy balance state where in complex macromolecules are broken down for energy

A

postabsorptive state (catabolism)

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9
Q

Long-term regulation: Feeding is stimulated when hypothalamic neurons detect a ()

A

drop in the level of a hormone released by fat cells.

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10
Q

the idea that the brain monitors and acts to maintain the amount of body fat

A

Lipostatic hypothesis

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11
Q

hormone released by body fat; tells the brain that fat (energy) reserves are normal and sufficient

A

leptin

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12
Q

actions of leptin that allow it to help regulate body mass

A
  1. decreases appetite
  2. increases enegy expenditure
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13
Q

Incites adaptive responses to fight starvation (stimulates hunger and feeding, suppresses energy expenditure, and inhibits reproductive competence)

A

leptin depletion

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14
Q

severely diminished appetite, caused by lesion in lateral hypothalamus -> lateral hypothalamic syndrome

A

anorexia

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15
Q

overly active appetite, caused by lesion in ventromedial hypothalamus -> ventral hypothalamic syndrome

A

obesity

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16
Q

() of hypothalamus important for the control of feeding

A

arcuate nucleus

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17
Q

LH (1): stop feeding; LH (2): triggers feeding

A
  1. lesions
  2. stimulation
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18
Q

LH neurons stimulating feeding behavior contain:

A
  1. melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)
  2. orexin
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19
Q

compound in LH neuron that makes widespread connections in the brain; involved in prolonging meal consumption

A

MCH

20
Q

compound in LH neurons that promote meal initiation

A

orexin (hypocretin)

21
Q

3 phases of eating

A
  1. cephalic
  2. gastric
  3. substrate (intestinal)
22
Q

() phase: the sight and smell of food trigger a number of physiological processes that anticipate the arrival of food (e.g., secretion of saliva and digestive juices)

A

Cephalic

23
Q

() phase: these responses grow much more intense, when you start chewing, swallowing, and filling your stomach with food.

A

Gastric

24
Q

() phase: as your stomach fills and digested food moves into your intestine, nutrients begin to be absorbed into your blood stream.

A

Substrate (intestinal)

25
Q

() released when stomach is empty
(hunger is not merely the absence of satiety) -> Activates NPY/AgRP-containing (orexigenic) neurons in arcuate nucleus

A

Ghrelin

26
Q

Gastric distention signals brain via vagus nerve. Vagal axons activate neurons in the ().

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

27
Q

() released in intestines in response to certain foods (esp fatty foods); acts on vagal sensory axons.

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

28
Q

insulin acts directly on the () of the hypothalamus (like leptin)

A

arcuate and ventromedial nuclei

29
Q

Trajectory of () projecting to the forebrain are effective sites for self stimulation

A

dopaminergic axons in the ventral-tegmental area

30
Q

the () neurotransmitter was found to play a powerful role in motivation -> inhibiting it caused a decrease in driving force to do something or satisfy a craving

A

dopamine

31
Q

new understanding of dopamine role in motivation -> Dopamine-depleted animals () food.

A

“like” food but do not “want” -> lack motivation to find food, but still enjoy it when it is available

32
Q

explain the idea that Dopamine neurons signal reward prediction error

A

changes in dopamine release occur when rewards are either better or worse than expected

33
Q

describe serotonin levels between and during meals

A
  • low in postabsorptive (between meals)
  • rise in anticipation of food
  • spike during meal (esp in response to carbs)
34
Q

Drugs that elevate serotonin (activate/suppress) appetite

A

suppress

35
Q

disorders in serotonin regulation: anorexia, bulimia, are often accompanied by ()

A

depression (treatment may include drugs that increase serotonin)

36
Q

The transduction of physiological stimuli in the blood occurs in specialized regions of the hypothalamus

  1. Humoral and visceromotor responses: by the ()
  2. Behavioral actions: by the ()
A
  1. periventricular and medial hypothalamus
  2. lateral hypothalamus
37
Q

thirst in reponse to hypovolemia

A

volumetric thirst

38
Q

responses to volumetric thirst

humoral: (1)
visceromotor: (2)
somatic motor: (3)

A
  1. ADH release
  2. sympathetic activation
  3. motivates drinking
39
Q

acts on kidneys to increase water retention; inhibits urine production

A

vasopressin (ADH)

40
Q

thirst in response to hypertonicity

A

osmometric

41
Q

responses to osmometric thirst

A

ADH release, motivation for drinking

42
Q

neurons for temperature homeostasis are clustered in ()

A

anterior hypothalamus

43
Q

humoral and visceromotor responses to change in temp -> activation of () in the hypothalamus

A

medial preoptic area

44
Q

somatic motor responses to changes in temp -> activation of () hypothalamus

A

lateral

45
Q

humoral response to fall in temp

A

stimulate release of TSH and consequently thyroxin (increase cell metab)

46
Q

visceromotor response to fall in temp

A

vasoconstriction in skin (retain heat)

47
Q

somatic motor response to fall in temp

A

shivering, seek warmth

BS450 (11 decks)

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