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Pharmacology for Technicians > Chapter 20: Cancer and Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Cancer and Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer
AC

A

A group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal (or dysfunctional) cells.

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2
Q

Monoclonal
AC

A

Originating from a single cell.

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3
Q

Drivers of Cancer
AC

A

Genetic alterations that promote cancer progression.

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4
Q

Oncogene
AC

A

A gene that promotes cancer formation.

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5
Q

Proto-oncogene
AC

A

A gene that codes for growth factors or their receptors.

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6
Q

Tumor Suppressor Gene
AC

A

A gene that turns off or downregulates the proliferation of cancer cells.

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7
Q

Apoptosis
AC

A

Programmed cell death.

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8
Q

Tumor Cell Proliferation
AC

A

The exponential rate of growth early on in tumor development.

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9
Q

Tumor Burden
AC

A

The number of cancer cells in a tumor or the size of the tumor tissue.

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10
Q

Dose-Dense Chemotherapy
AC

A

The practice of administering chemotherapy doses more frequently than in standard treatment to allow fewer cells to regrow between doses.

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11
Q

Cell Kill Hypothesis
AC

A

Th predominant hypothesis applied in cancer treatment; presumes that each cycle of chemotherapy kills a certain percentage of cancer cells.

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12
Q

Localized
AC

A

Confined to one location in the body.

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13
Q

Metastasis
AC

A

The spreading of a tumor from its primary site to other parts of the body.

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14
Q

Resected
AC

A

Removed surgically.

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15
Q

Margin
AC

A

The area of normal tissues around the site of a tumor.

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16
Q

Negative Margin
AC

A

An absence of tumor cells bordering the site of a tumor removal.

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17
Q

Radiation Therapy
AC

A

The use of external beam radiation delivered from a machine outside the body to the site of a tumor.

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18
Q

Adjuvant Radiation Therapy
AC

A

Radiation therapy used in conjunction with surgery to “clean up” areas of residual tumor.

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19
Q

Immunotherapy
AC

A

A type of cancer treatment that stimulates the immune system to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells.

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20
Q

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
AC

A

An agent used in therapies to prevent cancer cells from “turning off” immune cells.

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21
Q

Chemotherapy
AC

A

The administration of drugs to treat cancer by killing or stopping the growth of cancer cells.

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22
Q

Primary Chemotherapy
AC

A

The initial treatment of cancer with chemotherapy with curative intent.

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23
Q

Curative
Ac

A

An act or treatment administered with the intent to cure an illness.

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24
Q

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
AC

A

Chemotherapy used to shrink a tumor so it can be safely and completely removed with surgery.

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25
Q

Adjuvant Chemotherapy
AC

A

The treatment of residual cancer cells after removal or reduction of the tumor by surgery.

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26
Q

Palliative Chemotherapy
AC

A

Chemotherapy given for cancer that is not curable.

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27
Q

Cytotoxic Drug
AC

A

A drug that interrupts the normal process of cell function or proliferation.

28
Q

Cell Cycle
AC

A

The process by which both normal cells and cancer cells divide.

29
Q

Cell Cycle-Specific Drug
AC

A

A drug that exerts its effects on rapidly dividing cancer cells.

30
Q

Bone Marrow Suppression
AC

A

A decrease in production of blood cells and increased risks of infections and bleeding.

31
Q

Alopecia
AC

A

Hair loss

32
Q

Mucositis
AC

A

Inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes.

33
Q

Leucovorin
AC

A

A by-product of dihydrofolate reductase that helps prevent harmful effects of certain chemotherapy drugs; also known as Folinic Acid.

34
Q

Leucovorin Rescue
AC

A

The administration of leucovorin to patients who have received high-dose methotrexate; this action rescues normal cells from leucovorin shortage and allows them to resume their normal proliferation.

35
Q

Combination Chemotherapy
AC

A

A regimen of two or more chemotherapy drugs combined to reduce a cancer’s potential resistance to treatment; the agents should have proven efficacy, nonoverlapping toxicities, and different mechanism of action.

36
Q

Synergistic Effect
AC

A

The result of a drug combination that elicits an enhanced response because the agents work together to amplify the individual effects of each.

37
Q

Alkylating Agents
AC

A

A member of a class of cytotoxic drugs that bind to and damage DNA during cell division, preventing cell replication.

38
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy
AC

A

Extremely painful damage to the peripheral nervous system, especially affecting the hands and feet.

39
Q

Ototoxicity
AC

A

The ability to damage the organs of hearing.

40
Q

Mutagenic
AC

A

Having the ability to cause changes in genetic material.

41
Q

Secondary Cancers
AC

A

An additional cancer in conjunction with the first cancer the patient was trying to cure.

42
Q

Antimetabolite
AC

A

A member of a class of drugs that work during the synthesis phase of the cell cycle.

43
Q

Nucleotide
AC

A

The basic structural component of DNA and RNA.

44
Q

Methotrexate
AC

A

A drug used to treat leukemia, bone cancer, breast cancer, and lymphoma.

45
Q

Hand-Foot Syndrome
AC

A

A painful sloughing peeling of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; also known as Palmar-Plantar Erythema.

46
Q

Conjunctivitis
AC

A

Inflammation of mucous membranes surrounding the eye; also known as pink eye.

47
Q

Topoisomerase I Enzyme
AC

A

An enzyme that causes single-strand DNA breaks.

48
Q

Topoisomerase II Enzyme
AC

A

An enzyme that causes double-strand DNA breaks.

49
Q

Topoisomerase I Inhibitor
AC

A

A member of the subset of drugs that inhibit topoisomerase I enzymes.

50
Q

Topoisomerase II Inhibitor
AC

A

A member of a subset of drugs that inhibits topoisomerase II enzymes.

51
Q

R-CHOP
AC

A

An acronym for a combination chemotherapy regimen: Rituximab (Rituxan), Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), Hydroxydaunorubicin (better known as doxorubicin), Oncovin (brand name Vincristine), and Prednisone.

52
Q

Liposomal Product
AC

A

A drug prepared in a liquid formulation.

53
Q

Cardiac Toxicity
AC

A

The ability to cause heart damage.

54
Q

Threshold Dose
AC

A

The lifetime cumulative dose limit for a drug.

55
Q

Extravasation
AC

A

An infusion leak under the skin during administration.

56
Q

Vesicant
AC

A

A drug that can cause an extravasation injury.

57
Q

Microtubule
AC

A

A part of a cell that helps maintain its structure and is critical to mitosis.

58
Q

Antimicrotubule Agent
AC

A

A drug that interferes with the formation and function of microtubule.

59
Q

Taxane
AC

A

A member of a class of antimicrotubule drugs derived from the bark and needles of yew trees.

60
Q

Vinca Alkaloid
AC

A

A member of a class of antimicrotubule drugs derived from periwinkle plants.

61
Q

Ileus
AC

A

A condition in which gastrointestinal motility is severely reduced.

62
Q

Asparagine
AC

A

An amino acid that is needed for leukemia cells to proliferate.

63
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis
AC

A

A type of lung toxicity.

64
Q

Antiestrogen
AC

A
65
Q

Antiandrogen
AC

A
66
Q

Gynecomastia
AC

A

Pharmacology for Technicians (8 decks)

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