Chapter 17: The Immune System, Antivirals, and Drug Therapy Flashcards
Virus
AC
A minute infectious agent that does not have all the components of a cell and thus can replicate only within a living host cell.
Virion
AC
An individual virus particle capable of infecting a living cell; consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid (protein shell) and sometimes an envelope.
Capsid
AC
a protein shell that surrounds ad protects the nucleic acid within a virus particle.
Envelope
AC
The membrane surrounding the capsid of some viruses; carries surface proteins that attach to the host cell’s receptors.
Influenza
AC
The flu; a common viral infection.
Immunocompromised
AC
Having a deficiency in the immune system response.
Hepatitis
AC
A disease of the liver that causes inflammation, can be acute or chronic, and has several forms, A through C.
Acute Viral Infection
AC
An infection that quickly resolves with no latent infection.
Chronic Viral Infection
AC
An infection that has a protracted course with long periods of remission interspersed with recurrance.
Slow Viral Infection
AC
An infection that maintains a progressive course over months or years, inflicting cumulative damage to body tissues, ultimately ending in the host’s death.
Local Viral Infection
AC
A viral infection affecting tissues of a single system, such as the respiratory tract, the skin, or an eye.
Generalized Viral Infection
AC
An infection that has or is spreading to other tissues by way of the bloodstream or the CNS.
Latency
AC
The ability of a virus to lie dormant and then, under certain conditions, reproduce and again behave like an infectious agent, causing cell damage.
Immunoglobulin
AC
An antibody that reacts to a specific foreign substance or organism and may prevent its antigen from attaching to a cell receptor or may destroy the substance or organism.
Antiviral Drug
AC
An agent that prevents virus replication in a host cell without interfering with the host’s normal function.
Oral Herpes
AC
Painful, fluid-filled lesions most commonly located around the mouth, chin, and upper lip; also known as cold sores or fever blisters.
Genital Herpes
AC
A sexually transmitted disease caused by the herpes simplex virus; characterized by lesions that cause a burning sensation.
Prodrug
AC
A compound that must be metabolized in the body to form an active pharmacologic agent.
Retrovirus
AC
A virus that can copy its RNA genetic information into the host’s DNA
Reverse Transcriptase
AC
A retroviral enzyme that makes a DNA copy from an RNA original.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
AC
A retrovirus transmitted in body fluids that causes AIDS by attacking T lymphocytes.
CD4 Cell
AC
An infection-fighting cell that is important in the body’s immune response.
Integrase
AC
An enzyme that integrates HIV DNA into the DNA of the host CD4 cell.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
AC
The advanced and severe form of HIV.
Antiretroviral
AC
A drug that limits the progression of HIV or other retrovirus infections.
Cocktail
AC
A combination of drugs used in conjunction with each other to take advantage of the effects of synergistic drug therapy.
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
AC
A drug that inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by competing with natural nucleic acid building blocks, causing termination of the DNA chain.
Nonnucleoside
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)
AC
A drug that prevents HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from adding new nucleotides to the growing DNA chain.
Viral Load
AC
A measurement taken from the blood sample that determines the level of HIV activity and the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy.
Protease Inhibitor (PI)
AC
A drug that prevents protease from cleaving certain HIV protein precursors into the smaller proteins needed for the formation of new infectious virions.
Entry Inhibitors
AC
A drug that prevents HIV from entering the immune cells; also known as fusion inhibitor.
Boost
AC
A drug given to increase the serum concentration of another drug.
Post-Attachment Inhibitor
A drug that inhibits HIV from entering the immune cells.
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)
AC
A drug that prevents DNA produced by the reverse transcriptase of HIV from becoming incorporated into the patient’s DNA.
Treatment as Prevention (TasP)
AC
An HIV prevention method in which patients with HIV use antiretroviral therapy to suppress viral levels to undetectable levels in order to prevent neuron reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both.
Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
AC
The administration of antiretroviral after exposure to HIV.
Immunization
AC
The process whereby a person acquires resistance to an infectious disease.
Passive Immunity
AC
Immunization that occurs when antibodies are transferred to the fetus during pregnancy.
Active Immunity
AC
The process by which a person’s body makes its own antibodies to a pathogen.
Live Attenuated Vaccine
AC
A vaccine that uses live but weakened pathogens to produce an immune response.
Inactivated Vaccine
AC
A vaccine that uses pathogens that have been killed with chemicals, heat, or radiation.
Public Health Agency
AC
Canada’s agency for public health and emergency preparedness against infections and chronic diseases.
Travel Immunization Clinic
AC
A clinical site that provides immunizations and advice about what vaccines are needed.
Travel Vaccine
AC
A vaccine given prior to travel to allow the immune system time to confer full immunity.
Vaccine Information Statement (VIS)
AC
A list of risks associated with a vaccination.
